初中定语从句语法讲解

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初中定语从句语法讲解

　　定语从句（也称关系从句、形容词性从句），是指一类由关系词（英语：relative word）引导的从句,因为这类从句的句法功能多是做定语，所以曾被称为定语从句（英语：attributive clause），这类从句除了可以做定语之外，还可以充当状语等其他成分，所以现代语言学多使用“关系从句”这一术语。下面是小编为大家收集的初中定语从句语法讲解，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢！

　　一、定语从句的概念

　　在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

　　二、定语从句的关系词

　　引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

　　三、定语从句的分类

　　根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

　　四、关系代词的用法

　　1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

　　Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）

　　The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）

　　2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

　　The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）

　　The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）

　　3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：

　　The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）

　　Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）

　　注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用介词+which/whom结构。例如：

　　This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。

　　Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

　　（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：

　　This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。

　　（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：

　　The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。

　　（4）关系词只能用that的情况：

　　a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

　　He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。

　　b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

　　Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？

　　c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

　　This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

　　d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

　　I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

　　e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：

　　Who is the girl that is crying？正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？

　　f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：

　　There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

　　（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：

　　a.先行词为that， those时，用which，而不用that.例如：

　　What’s that which is under the desk？在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？

　　b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：

　　This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。

　　c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that.例如：

　　Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

　　五、关系副词的用法

　　（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：

　　This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。

　　（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：

　　This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。

　　（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：

　　Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

　　单项填空。

　　1. -Do you know the man ______is talking with your father？

　　-Yes， he’s our headmaster.

　　A. he B. who C. which D. whom

　　2. Is this the river _____I can swim？

　　A. which B. in which C. that D. the one

　　3. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know.

　　A. where B. which C. that D. it

　　4. Can you lend me the dictionary ______the other day？

　　A. that you bought B. you bought it

　　C. that you bought it D. which you bought it

　　5. Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands.

　　A. which agrees B. who agree

　　C. who agrees D. which agree

　　6. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing.

　　A. that B. it C. which who

　　7. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gate

　　A. who’s B. whose C. that of which.

　　8. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister.

　　A. which； is B. whom； was C. who； is D. who； was

　　9. I love places ______the people are really friendly.

　　A. that B. which C. where D. who

　　10. The world ______ is made up of matter.

　　A. in that we live B. on which we live

　　C. where we live in D. we live in

　　Ⅱ. 用适当的关系代词that， which， who， whom填空。

　　1. The first thing ______you must do is to have a meal.

　　2. April 1st is the day _____is called April Fool’s Day in the west.

　　3. The family _____had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends.

　　4. The house _____we live in is very old.

　　5. Didn’t you see the man ______I talked with just now？

　　参考答案：

　　I. 1-5BBCAC 6-10 ABCCD

　　Ⅱ. 1. that 2. which / that 3. who / that 4. that / which 5. who/ whom/ that

　　知识点梳理

　　充当定语修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。

　　被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。

　　定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，由一定的连接词引导，连接词称为关系代词(which,that,as,whom,who,whose)或关系副词(when,where,why)

　　1、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句

　　起对先行词进行限定、区分的作用。若去掉易产生歧义或使主句意义不明确。(此类定语从句前后没有逗号)

　　【eg】The dress that my mother bought for me is very beautiful. 我妈妈给我买的裙子很漂亮。

　　⑵非限定性定语从句

　　与先行词之间的关系比较松散，只对先行词起说明和描述的作用。若省去，剩余部分意义仍然完整，表达清楚。(此类定语从句前后用逗号隔开)

　　【eg】Your writings , which everyone admires , are very

　　marvelous.

　　你的作品人人欣赏，实在是太了不起了。

　　Shakespeare , whose plays are popular , was a great

　　writer.

　　莎士比亚是个伟大的作家，他的剧作很受欢迎。

　　⑶某些情况下，一个定语从句既可以作限定性定语从句，又可以作为非限定性定语从句，但二者含义有差别。

　　【eg】There are ten cars here which are made in China.

　　这里有十辆中国制造的车。 (这里可能还有其他的车) There are ten cars here , which are made in China. 这里有十辆车，它们都是中国制造的。 (这里只有十辆车) ⑷that和why一般不引导非限定性定语从句，其他引导限定性定语从句的关系代词和关系副词都可以引导非限定性定语从句。 ⑴限定性定语从句

　　【eg】My elder brother , who is an engineer , is working abroad. 我的哥哥在国外工作，他是一个工程师。

　　Last year , I visited Quanzhou , which is a beautiful city

　　in Fujian Province.

　　去年我游览了泉州，它是福建省一个漂亮的城市。

　　⑴which和that指物

　　① which和that引导的限定性定语从句表事物，可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语。当他们在宾语从句中做宾语时，that和which常可以省略。

　　【eg】We must respect the custom here that has existed for

　　hundreds of years.

　　我们必须尊重这里存在了数百年的习俗。 (做主语) This is the book (that / which) I want to buy.

　　这就是我想买的那本书。 (做buy的宾语) 多数情况下，that和which 可以通用。

　　② 在下列几种情况下，引导定语从句的关系代词多用that，不用或少用which。

　　a 先行词前有形容词的最高级、序数词或the only , the very , the last等表绝对意义的词作修饰语。

　　【eg】This is the oldest tree that exists in the world.

　　这是世界上现存最老的一棵树。

　　The only thing ( that ) he is interested in is collecting stamps.

　　他唯一感兴趣的事就是集邮。

　　b 先行词为不定代词(anything , nothing , everything)或被little , few , much, any , no等修饰

　　【eg】All the songs ( that ) he sang are very popular here.

　　他唱的所有的歌在这儿都很流行。

　　Everything that should be done has been done..

　　一切应该做的事情都已经做了。

　　若先行词是something，定语从句用 that 和 which 都可以。 c 先行词既包括人又包括物

　　【eg】They talked of people and things ( that ) they remembered

　　in England.

　　他们谈起了记忆中在英国的人和事。

　　d 当句中已有wh–疑问句，有时为了避免重复，用 that 引导定语从句而不用which。

　　③ 在下列几种情况下，一般使用which引导定语从句而不用that. a 引导非限定性定语从句

　　【eg】China , which is the third largest country in the world ,

　　is playing an important part in the world affairs. 中国是世界上第三大国家，它在国际事务中起着重要的作用。 b that和which 在从句中作介词的宾语。

　　介词可以放在句末也可以提到关系代词前面。

　　介词放在句末时，关系代词可用that 和which ，也可省略。

　　介词提前到关系代词前时，只能用which 不能用that ，且which 不可省。

　　【eg】A bottle opener is a tool ( which / that ) bottles are

　　opened with.

　　=A bottle opener is a tool with which bottles are opened. 开瓶器是一种用来开启瓶子的工具。

　　c 当关系代词后面有插入语。

　　【eg】I have received the invitation to your wedding which ,as I have told you , made me very glad.

　　我已经收到你的婚礼请柬。这个邀请，正如我所告诉你的，使我感到万分荣幸。

　　d 若先行词是that，则用 which 引导定语从句。(that which的结构通常出现在谚语中)

　　【eg】That which is evil is soon learned.

　　坏事易学。

　　④ 先行词是way时，引导定语从句的关系代词有三种形式:in which / that或不用引导词。

　　【eg】The way he speaks is unique.

　　=The way that he speaks is unique.

　　=The way in which he speaks is unique.

　　他说话的方式很奇特。

　　⑵who,whom 和that指人

　　① who和that在从句中既可做主语又可做宾语

　　whom 在从句中只可用做宾语。

　　当who , whom和that在从句中做宾语时，可以省略。

　　【eg】Do you know the girl who / that is talking with John over

　　there?

　　你认识在那边和John说话的那个女孩吗?

　　The man (who / whom / that ) you have just talked with is our teacher.

　　刚才和你说话的那个是我们的老师。

　　② who , whom , that在从句中都可作介词的宾语。

　　介词可位于句末也可提到关系代词前。

　　介词位于句末时，关系代词可用who , whom或that，也可省略。介词提到关系代词前时，只能用whom不能用that和who，并且whom不可省。

　　(注意与2/⑴/③/b类比)

　　【eg】The man ( who / whom / that ) you have just talked with

　　is our teacher.

　　=The man with whom you have just talked is our teacher. 刚才和你说话的那个人是我们的老师。

　　⑶ whose指人或指物，充当名词的修饰语，表示所属关系。

　　“whose+名词”=“名词+ of which”二者意思相同，可互换。

　　【eg】Look at the house whose windows are round.

　　=Look at the house the windows of which are round. 看那座窗户是圆形的房子。

　　⑷ as引导的定语从句

　　① 先行词有such 或the same 修饰，或者在as/so as 的结构中，都可用as

　　做关系代词来引导限定性定语从句。

　　【eg】I want to buy the same pen as you are using.

　　我想买一支和你用的那支一样的笔。

　　He used such expressions as he could find in the texts. 他使用在课文中可以找到的那些词语。

　　当the same修饰先行词时，引导定语从句的关系代词既可以用as也可用that。

　　区别：that引导的定语从句表示它所表述的事物与先行词是同一个。

　　as既可以表示“同一个”又可以表示“同类”。

　　【eg】This is the same book that I have lost.

　　这就是我丢失的那本书。

　　This is the same book as I have lost.

　　这本书和我丢失的那本一模一样。

　　② as引导非限定性定语从句

　　as引导非限定性定语从句,修饰的是前面的整个句子。

　　which 也有这种用法,两者在大部分情况下可互换。

　　【eg】She has just cried , as / which I could see from her swollen eyes.

　　她刚刚哭过，我从她红肿的眼睛就可以看出。

　　As is known to all , China is the third largest country in the world.

　　众所周知，中国是世界上第三大繁荣国家。

　　which引导非限定性定语从句和引导的非限定性定语从句的区别： a which从句只能放在句末，而as从句可位于句首、句中、句末。

　　【eg】Mark Twain , as we all know , is a great writer. 众所周知，马克吐温是一位伟大的作家。

　　b 当主句是否定句时，as不能用 which 来替换。as从句所修饰的范围并不包括主句的否定意义。

　　【eg】Spiders are not insects , as many people think. 蜘蛛并非像许多人所想的.那样是昆虫。

　　3、关系副词when , where , why的使用

　　关系副词where , when , why在从句中分别做地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。他们经常可以用“介词+ which ”来替代

　　⑴when可替换为 on / at / in / during + which , 在定语从句中做时间状语。

　　【eg】I still remember the day when / on which we first met. 我还记得我们初次见面的那一天。

　　Do you still remember the summer vacation when / during

　　which we visited a lot of places in Beijing?

　　你还记得我们在北京游览了很多地方的那个暑假吗?

　　⑵ where可替换为 at / in / to + which ，在定语从句中跟在表地点的名词后面做地点状语。

　　【eg】That is the school where / at which I used to study. 那就是我过去学习过的学校。

　　Think of a place where / to which we can go for a swim. 想一个我们可以去游泳的地方。

　　⑶ why 可替换为for which ，引导先行词为reason的定语从句，表示原因。

　　【eg】This is the reason why / for which he was late. 这就是他迟到的原因。

　　⑷ 关系副词when , where , why 引导定语从句时一般可用that替换，也可省略。

　　【eg】She is always busy working from the time ( when / that )

　　she gets up in the morning till the time ( when / that ) she goes to bed.

　　她总是很忙，从早上起床一直到上床睡觉，她都在工作。 That is the place ( where / that ) I went before.

　　那就是我们从前去过的地方。

　　Do you know the reason ( why / that ) he left the company? 你知道他离开公司的原因吗?

　　二、例题

　　1、( )The flood overflowed the riverbanks , ______ frequently happened in that area.

　　A as it B which C it D such

　　2、( )This is the best novel ______ we have read in recent years.

　　A which B that C as D so

　　3、( )All ______ is a large sum of money.

　　A what is needed B that is needed

　　C the thing needed D for their needs

　　4、( )Read the text a second time and you will probably know what the principle ______ a hovercraft works.

　　A is on that B has on which

　　C is on which D on which

　　5、( )The way ______ he gives his performances is appreciated by his fans. Which of the followings is wrong?

　　A / B which C in which D that

　　6、( )My assistant , ______ carefully read through the instructions before doing the experiment , did not get satisfactory results.

　　A who thought B even who

　　C who had D who having

　　7、( )In the dark streets , there was not a single person ______ she could turn for help.

　　A that B who C from whom D to whom

　　8、( )The neighbourhood factory , ______ workers are all women , turns out toys

　　of fine quality.

　　A there B which C whose D when

　　9、( )He is such an outstanding leader ______ is loved by the people throughout the country.

　　A as B that C which D who

　　10、( )The can opener is easy to handle , ______ is shown in the picture.

　　A as it B as C that D since

　　11、( )Everything was quite all right ______ one day ______ she got into trouble.

　　A not until ; when B until ; before

　　C not until ; before D until ; when

　　12、( )A fast food restaurant is the place ______ ,just as the name suggests , eating is performed quickly.

　　A which B where C there D what

　　13、( )The plane was delayed , ______ was that the weather was terrible.

　　A the reason why B the reason for it

　　C the reason of it D the reason for which

　　14、( )Do not let the child who is ______ swim in rivers.

　　A not old enough B too young to

　　C not old enough to D young enough to

　　15、( )I think you have got to the point ______ ,a change is needed , otherwise you will fail.

　　A when B that C where D which

　　三、巩固练习

　　1、( )Is this university ______ they paid a visit to last month?

　　A which B where C the one D which you

　　2、( )I will never forget the days ______ we spent together in the village.

　　A / B when C what D how

　　3、( ) ______ is mentioned above , the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.

　　A Which B As C That D It

　　4、( )I was late for school this morning because of the traffic jam ______ I was caught.

　　A which B where C in which D when

　　5、( )Has everything ______ can be done ______ done?

　　A / ; / B / ; been C that ; been D that ; be

　　6、( )Can you find me something ______ ?

　　A to open the tin B that I can open the tin

　　C I can open the tin with D by which to open the tin

　　7、( )Water dissolves a part of nearly everything ______ it comes in contact.

　　A where B with which C that D as soon as

　　8、( )The size of the audience , ______ we had expected , was well over 500.

　　A whom B that C who D as

　　9、( )The shop assistant I spoke ______ nothing.

　　A to say B to said C said D tell

　　10、( )When the mid-term exam was over , I went fishing - ______ I had not done for weeks.

　　A anything B everything C nothing D something

　　11、( )Tigers live in forests , ______ there are plenty of other animals for them to hunt for food.

　　A when B if C as D where

　　12、( )I am going to buy the same bicycle ______ you are using now.

　　A that B which C as D like

　　13、( )This is the same watch ______ I lost.

　　A which B as C that D but

　　14、( )-How far apart do they live?

　　-______ I know ,they live in the same neighbourhood.

　　A As long as B As far as C As well as D As often as

　　15、( )Yesterday I bought a Chinese painting ______ was very reasonable.

　　A which price B the price of which

　　C its price D the price of whose

　　key:

　　1~5 BBBCB 6~10 CDCAB 11~15 DBDAC 巩固1~5 CABCC 6~10 CBDBD 11~15 DCCBB

　　定语从句

　　定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

　　关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

　　关系副词有：when, where, why等。

　　一、关系代词引导的定语从句

　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

　　1）who, whom, that

　　这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

　　Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）

　　He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

　　2）Whose

　　用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：

　　They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

　　Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。

　　3）which, that

　　它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

　　A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）

　　The package (which / that) you are carrying is aboutto come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）

　　二、关系副词引导的定语从句

　　关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

　　1）when, where, why

　　关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：

　　There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

　　Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

　　Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？

　　2）that代替关系副词

　　that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：

　　His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

　　He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

　　非限定性定语从句概述

　　形式：在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。

　　作用：非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思。

　　限定性与非限定性定语从句的区别

　　1.限定性定语从句: 从句不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整。

　　非限定性定语从句: 从句可以省略,如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整。

　　2.限定性定语从句:先行词可以用that 引导。

　　非限定性定语从句: 先行词不可以用that 引导。

　　3.限定性定语从句:引导词有时可以省略。

　　非限定性定语从句:引导词不可以省略。

　　4.限定性定语从句:主句与从句不需要用逗号隔开。

　　非限定性定语从句:主句与从句需要用逗号隔开。

　　5.限定性定语从句: 从句只修饰先行词。

　　非限定性定语从句:从句既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。

　　6.限定性定语从句:不能修饰一个事件。

　　非限定性定语从句:可以修饰一个事件。

　　典型例题

　　1）Alice received an invitationfromher boss, ___came as a surprise.

　　A. it B. that C. which D. he

　　答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后

　　句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

　　2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

　　A. what B. which C. that D. it

　　答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

　　3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented mefromgoing to the park..

　　A. that B. which C. as D. it

　　答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语

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