由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句用法详解

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　　定语从句（也称关系从句、形容词性从句），是指一类由关系词（英语：relative word）引导的从句，因为这类从句的句法功能多是做定语，所以曾被称为定语从句（英语：attributive clause），这类从句除了可以做定语之外，还可以充当状语等其他成分，所以现代语言学多使用“关系从句”这一术语。下面是小编为大家整理的由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句用法详解，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

　　由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句用法详解

　　1. 由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体，在非正式文体中通常将介词放至句末。如：This is the man to whom I referred. 我指的就是这个人。This is the man (whom) I referred to. 我指的就是这个人。

　　2. 直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词which不能换成that，直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词whom不能换成who。但若介词用于句末，则用作宾语的which, whom也可换成that, who，或者省略不同。如：这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。This is a subject about which we have talked a lot.(which不能换成that，也不能省略)This is a subject which we have talked about a lot. 这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。(which可以换成that，也可以省略)

　　3. 关系副词when, where, why根据情况有时可换成“介词+关系代词which”。如： That is the day when [=on which] he was born. 那就是他出生的日子。That is the house where [=in which] he lived. 那就是他住过的房子。That is the reason why [=for which] he must apologize. 那就是他必须道歉的原因。

　　4. 在很正式的文体中，“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句可紧缩成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。如：在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。正：There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式)正：There the children had a garden in which they could play. (较正式)正：There the children had a garden to play in. (较口语化)注：这类“介词+关系代词++不定式”结构中的介词不能没有，也不能放在句末。如不能说There the children had a garden which to play in.

　　介词定语从句

　　一、“介词+关系代词”的用法

　　当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，我们通常用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”，用“介词+whom”;如果指“物”，用“介词+which”。例如：

　　Do you know the lady with whom our manager is talking in the office?

　　Where is the supermarket in which you bought the laptop last week?

　　使用“介词+关系代词”要注意以下几点：

　　(一)选用介词的依据：

　　(1) 根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。例如：

　　Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous.

　　(2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成，不一定是短语)。例如：

　　The old woman with whom you talked just now is a famous artist.

　　(3) 根据句子的意思来选择。例如：

　　The naughty boy made a hole in the wall through which he could see what is happening outside.

　　(4) 表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。例如：

　　I have about 20 books, half of which were written by Bing Xin, the famous writer.

　　(二)在定语从句中，含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化)，如look after, look for等。例如：

　　The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.(正)

　　The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy.(误)

　　(三)“of which / whom”有时可以用“whose+名词”结构来改写。例如：

　　The building whose roof was damaged in the earthquake has been repaired.

　　=The building of which the roof was damaged in the earthquake has been repaired.

　　(四)当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时，通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略);如果定语从句中不缺少状语，则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。例如：

　　All of us disliked the way(in which / that)Tom settled the maths problem.

　　I don’t understand the way(that/which)the teacher explained to me.

　　(五)in that不可以引导定语从句，但可以引导原因状语从句。例如：

　　She didn’t attend the meeting in that / because she was seriously ill.

　　二、“介词+关系代词”与关系副词的转化

　　(1)当先行词表示地点，定语从句中缺少地点状语时，通常用关系副词where引导，此时也可选用表示地点的介词+which来代替关系副词where。例如：

　　I visited the village where many children couldn’t go to school because of poverty.

　　=I visited the village in which many children couldn’t go to school because of poverty.

　　(2) 当先行词表示时间，定语从句中缺少时间状语时，通常用关系副词when引导，此时也可选用表示时间的介词+which来代替关系副词when。例如：

　　We’d better fix a date when we will practice speaking English next week.

　　=We’d better fix a date on which we will practice speaking English next week.

　　(3) 当先行词为reason，定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时，通常用关系副词why引导，此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。例如：

　　Can you tell me the reason why you were late for school?

　　=Can you tell me the reason for which you were late for school?

　　定语从句的介词前置

　　一、定语从句介词为何前置

　　习惯用法,放在前面为了强调对象,放在后面显得累赘!

　　例子：He is the professor to whom（不可以用who）I was talking then.

　　他就是在那时和我说话的教授.

　　也可以说：He is the professor who I was talking to then.

　　注意,有些情况介词不能够前置,比如固定搭配,不可拆散

　　例子：He is the professor who I was looking for.

　　此时for就不能前置

　　二、介词＋which／whom的定语从句用法

　　1.语法作用：“介词＋关系代词”在从句中主要起关系副词的作用，即在定语从句中充当状语：

　　（1）表示地点，时间和原因的“介词＋which”分别相当于where，when，why。

　　I have found the book in which the names of all the early satellites are mentioned.（SEFC 2A L. 55）（＝I have found the book. The names of all the early satellites are mentioned in it.）

　　The earth on which／where we live is a planet.

　　I”ll never forget the day on which／when I joined the League.

　　I know a wood in which／where you can find roses.

　　Is there any reason for which／why you should have a holiday？

　　（2）way后常用that代替in which，也可省略that。

　　I really don”t like the way that he talks.

　　That was the way in which the old lady looked after us.

　　Do it the way I showed you.

　　2. “of＋which”起形容词的作用，相当于whose（用来指物），其词序通常是“n.＋of which”。

　　They live in a house whose door／the door of which opens to the south.

　　He”s written a book whose name／the name of which I”ve com- pletely forgotten.

　　3.可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

　　There is a rocket by which the direction of the satellite can be changed.（SEFC 2A L. 55）

　　We carefully studied the photos，in which we could see signs of plant disease.（SEFC 2A L. 55）

　　4.介词的选择（选择介词时须考虑下列情况）

　　1）介词与先行词的习惯搭配

　　There is no way in which it could be brought back to the earth.（SEFC 2A L. 55）（in与way是习惯搭配）

　　2）介词与定语从句中的动词，形容词的习惯搭配

　　These are the wires with which different machines are connected.（be connected with是习惯搭配）

　　The author with whom all of us are familiar will visit our compa-ny.（be familiar with是习惯搭配）

　　3）同形的先行词，或定语从句中的动词，形容词表示不同的含义时，要根据其含义选用不同的介词。

　　I can”t remember the age at which he won the prize.

　　That is the age in which people live in peace and happiness.

　　age在前句中意为“年岁”，与at搭配；在后句中意为“时期”，与in搭配。

　　4）复杂介词须保持其完整形式，常见的复杂介词有on the top of，in the middle of，in front of，in spite of，at the back of，because of等。

　　We took a photo of rocket，the length of which was about 30me- tres.（SEFC 2A L. 55）

　　Sound is a tool by means of which people communicate with each other.

　　They marched through the square，in the middle of which stood a monument.

　　5）短语动词中的介词不可与动词分开提至关系代词前。常见的短语动词有listen to，look at，depend on，pay attention to，take care of，look into，break into，get rid of，take part in，make use of，take hold of，catch hold of，catch up with，get along with，look forward to等。此时可用which，who，whom或that，也可将他们省略。

　　（误）This is the girl of whom he will take care.

　　（正）This is the girl whom he will take careof.

　　6）当介词与定语从句中的动词或形容词联系紧密（但不是短语动词）时，介词也可放在动词或形容词的后面。但当介词与从句中的动词或形容词联系不紧密时，则需将介词置于关系代词前。比较：

　　The space station which we drove to was in the desert.（SEFC 2A L. 55）

　　I”ll never forget the day in which I joined the Party.

　　后句中的in若置于句尾则有“孤零零”之感，这时宜将介词置于关系代词前；而前句中的to则可后置。

　　5.关系代词的选择

　　用于介词后的关系代词只有which，whom，前者指物，后者指人。

　　There are many research stations on the earth in which outer space is studied.（SEFC 2A L. 55）（which指代research stations）

　　We questioned the pilot，from whom we learnt that no other planes had been seen.（SEFC 2A L. 55）（whom指代the pilot）

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