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定语从句的考点
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。定语从句的考点有哪些?大家知道吗?下面小编为大家带来定语从句的考点,仅供参考,希望能够帮到大家。
定语从句的考点
1. that 与which 在指代物时的用法区别
that 和which都可以引导先行词为物的定语从句,但是用法有区别:
① 只能用that的五种情况
a. 先行词为不定代词或先行词由不定代词修饰时
b. 先行词前有最高级或序数词修饰时
c. 先行词即有人又有物时
d. 先行词前有the very, the only修饰时
e. 主句为which,或who 引导的特殊疑问句时
② 只能用which的两种情况
a. 非限定性定语从句中
b. 介词之后引导定语从句时
2.which与as的区别
as 和which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句,三种情况下只能用as,不能用which
a. as置于句首引导定语从句时(As we know,…)
b. as 含有“正如”之意(…as we expected)
c. 先行词前有such, the same 修饰时(…such an easy question as the little boy can answer.)
3. who、whom、that 的区别
a.先行词为those或people 时,常用关系代词who,不用that
b.介词之后用关系代词whom引导定语从句
4. whose 用法
whose+n. 引导定语从句的结构是定语从句的一个考查热点,此结构可以换成是the+n.+of+which引导定语从句或者可以换成是of which +the+n.
e.g.The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of which were made of small diamonds.
whose hands / of which the hands
5. 介词+关系代词引导定语从句的用法
a. 介词之后的关系代词只能用which(先行词为物)或者是whom(先行词为人)
b. 介词的选择方法有三个原则:一“先”二“动”三“意义”
I lost my pen, with which I took notes. (先行词为pen,使用钢笔用with)
This is the house in which he lives. (定语从句中谓语动词live为不及物动词)
The gas is oxygen without which we can’t live. (根据句意决定)
6. 先行词为way时
先行词为way,在定语从句中作状语时,用that,in which引导定语从句,也可以省略关系词。
e.g. I don’t like the way(that/in which) he speaks to his parents.
7. 关系副词when、where、when引导定语从句的具体用法
① 先行词表示时间、地点、原因时,在定语从句中作状语,选择相应的关系副词when、where、why引导定语从句。若其在定语从句中作主语或宾语,则选择关系代词引导定语从句。区别三组例句:
where he lives.
a. This is the place
that/which he visited last year.
when my brother was a little boy.
b. I still remember the time
that/which we spent together.
why he was late.
c. This is the reason
that/which he gave us.
②某些非地点时间名词有定语从句修饰,关系词在从句中作状语,由where引导定语从句(stage, case, point, situation);同样用法的还有occasion,由when引导定语从句。
e.g. I can think of many cases where students know a lot of words but don’t write a good essay.
There are many occasions when people don’t know what they want.
8. 定语从句中的谓语动词
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。
e.g. Anyone who wants to have a holiday puts up your hand.
Those who want to have a holiday put up your hand.
This is one of the students who have passed the exam.
This is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.
9. 区分定语从句和其他句型
①区别于简单句和并列句
most of whom are boys. (定语从句)
There are 70students in our class , and most of them are boys. (并列句)
Most of them are boys. (简单句)
②区别于强调句型
It is in the factory that he works. (强调句型)
It is the factory where he works. (定语从句)
It is in the classroom (where we have classes) that the meeting will be held.
(定语从句修饰先行词the classroom)
(强调句型,强调部分为介词短句in the classroom)
③区别于同位语从句
that she had passed the exam (同位语从句:对名词解释说明)
The news excited us.
that he told us (定语从句:对名词修饰限定)
④区别于状语从句
Do you know the time when the class is over? (定语从句,有先行词)
Let’s play games when the class is over.(时间状语从句,无先行词)
Put the book where it belongs. (地点状语从句,无先行词)
10. 定语从句中关系词的省略
定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词可以省略,介词之后的关系代词不可省略。
This is the house which he lives in. (√)
This is the house he lives in. (√)
This is the house in which he lives. (√)
This is the house in he lives. (×)
定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:
This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
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