什么是定语从句先行词
漫长的学习生涯中,是不是经常追着老师要知识点?知识点是指某个模块知识的重点、核心内容、关键部分。掌握知识点是我们提高成绩的关键!以下是小编为大家收集的什么是定语从句先行词,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。
什么是定语从句先行词?
先行词是定语从句的引导词前面的被定语从句所修饰的名词、代词.在定语从句中充当一定的成分。 我们可以这样认为, 之所以称它为先行词,是因为修饰它的定语从句总是放在它之后,先行词总是出现在定语从句之前,而不同于普通形容词修饰名词时, 形容词位于名词之前。
定语从句先行词位置:
通常情况下,先行词和定语从句是挨着的,但是在不引起歧义的情况下,可以把定语从句和先行词分开,这叫分隔定语从句。
例:He is a student in my school who often helps others.
先行词是student与从句分开。因为定语从句的先行词是名词或代词。所以这句话中有可能是先行词的词是He,student,school,但是从句的引导词who的先行词只能是人,所以排除school,再通过翻译,所以确定,先行词就是student。从句没有和先行词挨着,因为我们经过判断知道了他要表达的意思。所以从句可以和先行词分开。
定语从句语法精讲
定语从句在句中作定语,修饰名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who,whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
1.关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语或宾语。
例如:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2)whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。
例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人的车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
例如:
A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作宾语)
The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)
2.关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的'先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。
例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后代替when, where, why和“介+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。
例如:
His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
3.判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一:用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
这是我去年呆过的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
判断改错:
(错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对)This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(对)I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词或关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ____ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例1 D;例2 A
例1变为肯定句:This museum is ____ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句:This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
在例1中,从句中所缺部分为宾语,而主句中又缺表语,所以只有the one可以作主句的表语,而关系代词作从句的宾语可以省略,所以选D。
而例2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用关系副词where,又可用介词in + which引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所作的成分,先行词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose);先行词在从句中作状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。
4.限制性和非限制性定语从句
1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
例如:
This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2)当先行词是专有名词或有物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。
例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
5.介词+关系词
(1)介词后面的关系词不能省略;
(2) that前不能有介词;
(3)关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此,常常可以和“介词|+which”结构交替使用。
例如:
This is the house where (in which) I lived two years ago.
这是我两年前住过的房子。
Do you remember the day when (on which) you joined our club?
还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?
6. as和which引导的非限定性定语从句
由as和which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句。as一般放在句首,which在句中。
例如:
As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们很重要。
典型例题:
1. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___ came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案:C。此句为which引导的非限定性从句;that不能引导非限制性定语从句;it和he都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。
2. It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案:B。as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:
(1) as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可;
(2) as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which。在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。
7. what/whatever; who/whoever; that/what
(1) what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如:
What you want has been sent here.你要的东西都送到这里来了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.不管你要什么,跟我没什么关系。
(2) who = the person that;whoever = anyone who。例如:
(错) Who breaks the law will be punished.
(错) Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(对) Whoever breaks the law will be punished.王子犯法,与庶民同罪。
(对) Who robbed the bank is not clear.谁抢了银行还不清楚。
(3) that和what
当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,that是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句中的that常可省略;what引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。
例如:
I think(that) you will like the stamps.我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。
What we need is more practice.我们需要的是更多的实践。
8.关系代词that的用法
(1)不用that的情况:
●引导非限定性定语从句时。例如:
The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.(错)
●介词后不能用that。例如:
We depend on the land from which we get our food.我们依赖土地获得食物。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
(2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况:
●在不定代词,如anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。例如:
All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。
●先行词有the only,the very修饰时,只用that。例如:
He is the only person that attended the meeting.他是唯一参加这个会议的人。
●先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时,只用that。例如:
This is the most exciting film I have ever seen.这是我看过的最令人兴奋的电影。
●先行词既有人,又有物时。例如:
They talked of things and persons that they remembered.他们谈论着他们记得的人和事。
关系构成
关系从句的句法功能主要是充当定语。在英语中,关系从句通常位于它所修饰的词(组)之后。被关系从句修饰的词(组)叫做先行词(英语:antecedent),引导关系从句的词称为关系词,关系词指代先行词并在关系从句中充当一定的成分。例如:
This is the book which interests me.(“which interests me”是关系从句,修饰先行词“book”,而关系词“which”指代先行词“book”并在关系从句中充当主语。这句话可以拆分为两个句子来理解:“This is the book.”和“The book interests me.”)
关系分类
关系从句有限制性关系从句(英语:restrictive relative clause或defining relative clause)和非限制性关系从句(英语:non-restrictive relative clause)之分。限制性关系从句起限定作用,修饰特定的名词或名词短语;而非限制性关系从句只起补充说明某种信息的作用。例如:
The government which promises to cut taxes will be popular.(限制性关系从句,指任何一个减税的政府)
The government, which promises to cut taxes, will be popular. (非限制性关系从句,补充说明(现任的)政府的情况)
There were very few passengers who escaped without serious injury. (限制性关系从句,指逃出来的乘客大多受了伤)
There were very few passengers, who escaped without serious injury. (非限制性关系从句,指游客人数本来就很少,这些游客都逃了出来且没有受伤)
限制性关系从句
从语义上看,限制性关系从句主要起限定作用,修饰特定的人或事物,如果去掉限制性定语从句,整个句子表意会不完整甚至不通顺;从结构上看,限制性关系从句常紧跟先行词,并且同先行词之间一般不加逗号分隔(但不是绝对的)。
限制性关系从句的关系词包括:that, which, who, whom, whose, as, than等。
非限制性关系从句
从语义上看,非限制性关系从句主要起补充说明的作用,有时相当于一个并列分句或状语从句,可以表达原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。例如:
Dr Lee, who had read through the instructions carefully before doing his experiments, did not obtain satisfactory results. (非限制性关系从句表示让步的意义,相当于though Dr Lee had read through the instructions...)
非限制性定语从句的关系词包括:which, who, whom, whose, as等,另外that在非限制性关系从句中并非绝对不可使用。
关系选择
关系词包括关系代词(英语:relative pronoun)、关系副词(英语:relative adverb)和关系限定词(英语:relative determiner)。关系词的选择主要涉及以下因素:
先行词是人还是事物;
关系词在关系从句中的句法功能;
关系从句是限制性的还是非限制性的;
是口语还是书面语。
关系代词的选择
在英语中,常见的关系代词及其用法如下表所示:
限制性关系从句 | 非限制性关系从句 | ||||
先行词 | 人 | 物 | 人 | 物 | 句子 |
主语 | who,that,as | which,as | who | which | which,as |
宾语 | who,whom,that,零关系代词 | which,零关系代词 | who,whom | which | which,as |
在现代英语中,如果关系代词在从句中充当宾语,人们更愿意省略关系代词(即使用“零关系代词”)。
关系副词相当于“介词+which”,具体情形如下表所示:
关系副词 | 相当于 | 先行词 | 在从句中的句法功能 |
---|---|---|---|
when | at/in/on/during which | 表示时间的词(组) | 时间状语 |
where | in/at which | 表示地点的词(组) | 地点状语 |
why | for which | reason | 原因状语 |
例如:
He always remembered the daywhen(=on which) his father returned from America.
有些词如case, condition, point等也可以看做是表示(抽象的)地点的词,因此其关系从句的关系词也可以选择where。例如:
This is the jobwhereyou can learn something.
that有时也可以做关系副词,相当于when, where或why,表示时间、地点或原因。有时还可以省去。例如:
Do you still remember the day (that/when) he arrived?
关系限定词的选择
关系限定词在关系从句中起定语的作用,最常见的是whose(相当于of which),which间或也可以做关系限定词。例如:
This is the buildingwhose windows(=the windows of the building) were all painted green.
A teacher is a personwhose duty(=the duty of a teacher) is to teach.
I called him by the wrong name,for which mistakeI should apologise.
特殊的关系从句
名词性关系从句
名词性关系从句(英语:nominal relative clause)又叫自由关系从句(英语:free relative clause),名词性关系从句在结构上不含有先行词,它的关系词同时扮演了关系词和先行词的角色,因此名词性关系从句的关系词又叫缩合连接代词。例如:
I like what I see.(“what I see”是名词性关系从句,它没有先行词,与此同时缩合连接代词“what”又直接充当了“like”的宾语。)
缩合连接代词“what”可以根据语义解释为“the thing(s) that”或“the person(s) that”。
嵌入式关系从句
嵌入式关系从句(英语:embedded relative clause)是一种较复杂的关系从句,它既是先行词的后置定语,又是另一结构的宾语。例如:
She has an adopted childwhoshe says was an orphan. (关系从句修饰“an adopted child",同时又是“she says”的宾语)
双重关系从句
双重关系从句(英语:double relative clause)是指两个关系从句修饰同一个先行词的语法现象。例如:
You can easily find us;just look for a housewhosewindows need washing andwhosefence needs repairing!
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