定语从句与同位语从句的比较
英语是按照分布面积而言最流行的语言,但母语者数量是世界第三,仅次于汉语、西班牙语。它是学习最广泛的第二语言,是近60个主权国家的官方语言或官方语言之一。下面是小编为大家收集的定语从句与同位语从句的比较,欢迎阅读,希望大家能够喜欢。
定语从句与同位语从句的比较
之所以会有该两者直接比较的出现,在于我们平时做题的过程中或多或少的出现过同位语与定语从句混淆的情况。原因在哪里呢?大部分情况在于that。
1.从that的不同来分析(注意比较)
1.1当that作为关系代词时,引导定语从句,在句子中充当主语,宾语等相应成分。并且充当宾语还可以省略。
A.I almost have no magic imagination that this fiction brought to me.
我几乎没有这部小说带给我的奇幻想象。(that在从句中作brought的宾语,充当成分,不能省略)
B.At the first day, I booked a kind of magazine that Tom had recommended to me.
在第一天,我预定了一种汤姆推荐给我的杂志。(that 充当从句谓语动词的宾语,代替magazine)
1.2当that引导同位语从句时,作为连词的作用,也就是说没有实际意义,当然了连词是不可以省略的。
A.The entertainment news came to me that two film stars hadbecome couples.
我得知了这则娱乐新闻,两个电影明星成为了情侣。(该句中的that没有实际意义,不充当成分)
B.The fact can`t be accepted by the fans that we lost the swimming game .
这个事实不能被粉丝所接受,我们输掉了游泳比赛。(that作为连词)
2.根据一些名词来判断
A.The information that he will come back home is surprising.
他要回家的消息是令人惊讶的.(information这类词)
B.I got an idea that you were no there.
我察觉到了你没有在那儿。
定语从句倒装
【知识点】定语从句的倒装结构。
“介词+关系代词+从句谓语+从句主语”,即将整个谓语放在主语前面。我们的学习不仅要知其然,还要知其所以然。那么,为什么要采用倒装呢?往往是因为定语从句的主语较复杂,所以按照英语的尾重原则而后置了。
【句子拆分】
this is the world——主句;
out of which ... of a society——定语从句,修饰world;
where there ... from fear——定语从句,修饰society。
【翻译难点】
1、for the first time in history 为插入语,不要因此影响了对原句的理解。插入语可以先不看,再调整原句语序,得到 the hope of a society grows out of which (the world),表示”希望建立这样一个社会“。
2、freedom from want and freedom from fear,其中freedom from来自于形容词短语 free from,表示“免除,没有”。另外要注意名词 want 意思为”贫困“。所以整个短语可译成”摆脱贫困,摆脱恐惧“。
【精品译文】在这个世界,人类首次希望建立这样一个社会——在那里,他们将会摆脱贫困,摆脱恐惧。
定语从句要点
一. 定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二. 引导定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三. 定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四. 关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:
(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,whom,that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用介词+which/whom结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.
这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的'这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for.
这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.
她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词指物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f. 主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which,例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a. 先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
Whats that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b. 关系代词前有介词时,which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives.
这是他居住的房间。
c. 引导非限制性定语从句,先行词指事物时,用which, 而不用that,例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五. 关系副词的用法
1. when指时间,其先行词表示时间,when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.
这是他到达的时间。
2. where指地点,其先行词表示地点,where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如:
This is place where he works.
这是他工作的地点。
3. why 指原因,其先行词是原因,why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
好啦,关于定语从句,你学会了吗?
讲解定语从句
一、定义
用来修饰句子中的名词或代词或其短语的从句,就叫做定语从句。其实,就是拿句子来做名词、代词或是其短语的定语。如:
It's a book.
I bought the book yesterday.
以上两句话中,都有book一词,所以可以用定语从句把两句话连起来。即:
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
这句话中that引导的I bought yesterday就是一个定语从句,用来修饰the book。
二、两个概念
要想学好定语从句,得先弄清楚两个基本概念,即:先行词和关系词。
(一)先行词
所谓先行词,就是指定语从句所修饰的成分。这个名称倒是挺形象的,为什么?因为先行词永远出现在定语从句的前面,总是先走一步的,呵呵!
(二)关系词
所谓关系词,就是指用来连接定语从句的词语。关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词。需要注意的是,关系代词或关系副词都要在从句中充当成分的,所以是不可或缺的,尽管当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,经常可以省略(本文会继续讲到这个情况)。
我们在来看一下在第一节里出现的句子:
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
句中的the book就是先行词,被后面的从句I bought yesterday所修饰。而that就是关系代词,用来连接I bought yesterday,同时又在从句作bought的宾语,而且可以省略。
定语从句的学习,其实就是有关根据先行词的特点选择合适的关系词的学习。
三、分类
按照定语从句与先行词的关系紧密与否,可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
(一)限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用,是不可或缺的。如:
These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.
(二)非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句对先行词起着补充说明作用,可要可不要。非限定性定语从句都会被逗号与先行词隔开。如:
They have to walk to the South Pole, which is out of a plane's reach.
【注意】
1、当先行词具有唯一性的时候,就只能采用非限定性定语从句,否则就会产生歧义或误解。如:
限定性定语从句:His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old classmates.
非限定性定语从句:His wife, who is now in Paris, is one of my old classmates.
因为限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用,所以具有特指功能,所以第一句中的限定性定语从句意味着是特指他在巴黎的妻子,其潜台词就是他不只一个妻子,也许在上海或者在纽约等其他地方还有妻子。
而非限定性定语从句只对先行词起着补充说明作用,没有特指功能,所以第二句中的非限定性定语从句只是用来补充说明他的妻子现在人在巴黎这个事实。
2、that和why不能用来引导非限定性定语从句
that不能用来连接非限定性定语从句,具体的请看下一节的内容。
而why因为总是紧跟先行词reason,所以也不能用于引导非限定性定语从句。如:
That's the reason why he was late for school this morning.
在reason和why之间,不能插入逗号。
四、关系代词
英语里能够用来连接定语从句的关系代词主要有:
that:表人或物
which:表物
who:表人(主格或宾格)
whom:表人(宾格)
whose:表人或物(所有格)
(一)that引导的定语从句
that引导定语从句时,其先行词既可能是人,也可能是物。如:
This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.
He is the man that will visit our school next week.
【注意】
1、当that的先行词表物时,可以用which来替换。此外,当that在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。如:
This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.
This is the photo I took during the trip in France.
句中的先行词the photo在从句I took during the trip in France中作took的宾语,所以可以省略。
2、不能用that的情况
1)当定语从句以介词开头时,一般不用that,而要用which或whom。如:
This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.
She is the girl to whom I talked just now.
两句话的定语从句分别以介词for和to开头,所以后面不能再用that,而要采用which和whom。
2)当先行词是that时,往往用which来替换。如:
We have that which we need.
此时,that which往往可以用what来替换,因此我们可以把上面的句子改为:
We have what we need.
3)在非限定性定语从句中。如:
错误:His aunt, that is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.
正确:His aunt, who is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.
3、只能用that的情况
1)当先行词为everything、all,little、much等不定代词时。如:
All that glitters is not gold.
2)当先行词被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修饰时。如:
Don't waste any water that is reusable.
3)当先行词被the only、the very、the same、the last修饰时。如:
They are the only students that will attend the meeting.
4)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如:
This is the first time that I have ever heard about a ghost.
5)当先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时。如:
There are five pens that will be on display tomorrow.
6)当先行词有人又有物时。如:
We don't like the teacher and his lessons that are not interesting at all.
7)当主句是以who或which及其-ever结构开头的特殊疑问句时。如:
Whoever that breaks the law will be punished.
4、多用who、不用that的情况
1)当先行词为anyone、one、ones时。如:
He is the one who will teach us English.
2)当先行词为those、he和people时。如:
Those who want to ask questions need to write them down first.
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