定语从句的关系代词
定语从句(也称关系从句、形容词性从句),是指一类由关系词(英语:relative word)引导的从句,因为这类从句的句法功能多是做定语,所以曾被称为定语从句,下面是小编为大家收集的定语从句的关系代词,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。
定语从句的关系代词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose),as等;关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用。关系词起3个作用:
1、引导定语从句。
2、代替先行词。
3、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
本单元学习关系代词引导的定语从句。
1. who指人,在从句中做主语
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略
Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中有的时候常用who代替,并且可以省略。如:
The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替:
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
→ The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
→ Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
4. which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
5. that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从
句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
The number of the people that/who visit the city each year rises one million.
Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
The number of people who/that lost homes reached 250,000.
It sounded like a train which/that was going under the house.
The boy(whom/that/who)we saw yesterday was John’s brother.
The car(which/that)my uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.
关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语,因此定语从句不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。如:
(误)The story(that/which)you told me it yesterday is interesting.
(正)The story(that/which)you told me yesterday is interesting.
昨天你给我讲的那个故事很有趣。
That 和which在定语从句中指物时,常常可以互换。但下面几种特殊情况,不能互换,只能用that, 不用which.
1)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which. 例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
2)被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which. 例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
3)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which. 例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
4)先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
5)以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that. 例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
6)主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
关系代词
which:引导从句,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语;先行词指事物
that:引导从句,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语;先行词指人或事物
who:引导从句,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语;先行词指人
whom:引导从句,在从句中作宾语;先行词指人
whose:引导从句,在从句中作定语,先行词指人
as:引导从句,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语;通常用于such…as…结构
He is a man who/that means what he says.他是一个说话算话的人.(先行词指人,关系
代词who/that引导定语从句,并在从句中作主语)
Is there anyone in your department whose father is a teacher?你们系有个父亲是老
师的.人吗?(先行词之人,关系代词whose引导定语从句,并在定语从句中作定语)
To be frank,I don’t like the movie which/that you recommend to me yesterday.
说实话,你昨天推见给我的那部影片我不喜欢.(先行词指物,关系代词which/that引导
定语从句,并在从句中作宾语)
一 定语从句中关系代词的使用
⒈ 如果修饰人,一般用关系代词who, whom, whose 或that。在定语从句中作主语的一般用who或that, 作宾语的一般用whom, who或that, 作定语并具有物主性质的用whose。(在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可省略)
如:
①I don’t like people who/that get angry easily.
我不喜欢容易发脾气的人。
( 关系代词who/ that在定语从句中作主语,不可省略)
②Here is the man (whom/ who/ that) you want to see.
这就是你想见的人。
( 关系代词whom/ who/ that在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
③Is there anyone in your class whose home is in the northeast?
你班上有谁家在东北的?
( 关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语,不能省略)
注意:用who 还是whom ,完全根据它们本身在定语从句中的地位和作用而定,与先行词在主句中的作用无关。尤其要注意在带有插入语的定语从句中who和whom的选用。
如:
①The person who sent the letter had to pay the postage.
寄信人要付邮资。
( who sent the letter是定语从句,修饰person, who在定语从句中作主语,因此用主格)
②He is a man who I believe is honest.
他是一个我认为诚实的人。
( I believe是插入语,去掉该插入语剩下的便是He is a man who is honest,在语法及句意上都能成立,who是定语从句中动词is的主语,故用主格,不用宾格whom.)
⒉ 如果修饰事物,用关系代词which 和that,作宾语时可省略。作介词宾语时,如果介词位于关系代词之前,则用which (不能省) ,而不用that(关系代词that既能代人,又能代物)。whose也可用来指物(此时可用of which来代替),在定语从句中作定语。
如:
①Don’t buy tomatoes that/ which are green.
不要买颜色还是青的西红柿。
( that/ which 在定语从句中作主语,不能省)
②The fish (that/ which) they sell are not fresh.
他们卖的鱼不新鲜。
( that/ which 在定语从句中作宾语,可以省)
③The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
= The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
门坏了的那个教室将很快修理。
④The tool with which he is working is called a saw.
=The tool (that/ which) he is working is called a saw.
他干活用的那个工具叫叫锯。
(介词with位于关系代词之前,须用which,不能省,也不能用that)
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