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定语从句难题
(一)关系代词that和which 使用时应注意的几点
1.在下列情况下只用that,不用which
① 先行词是all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, the one等不定代词时
There is nothing ( that ) I can do.
I mean the one that was brought yesterday.
② 先行词被all, any, every, no, some, little, much等词修饰时
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
You may take home any of these books that you like.
③ 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
This is the first composition (that)he has written in English.
This is the best novel (that) I have ever read.
④先行词被the only, the very(正是,恰是), the same, the last修饰时
The white flower is the only one ( that) I really like.
This is the very book (that) I want to find.
The last place( that) we visited was the hospital.
This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.
⑤ 当先行词有两个或两个以上时,既有人又有物,定语从句用that 引导 (that既可指人也可指物)
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
2.下列情况不能使用that,而用which
① that 不能引导非限制性定语从句
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
② that不能置于介词之后(介词后指物用which,指人用whom)
The person to whom I am speaking just now is our English teacher.
The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bicycle.
(二)as 做关系代词的用法
1.关系代词常出现在the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等结构中
This is not such a book as I expected.
I live in the same building as he (lives in).
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.
As many children as came here were my father’s pupils.
★ the same…that…和the same…as…的区别
I have bought the same watch as you have.
我买了一块和你一样的手表。(我的手表和你的手表很像,但不是同一块。)
This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢的那块手表。(这手表和我丢的手表是同一块)
2.as引导非限制性定语从句,指代逗号前的整个句子(即先行词),可置于句首或句末。
This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
Mary was late for school, as often happened.
As is known to all, the earth is round.
★ as 指代一句话和which 指代一句话的用法区别
as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如:
1.as has been said before 如上所述
2.as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那样
3.as is well known 众所周知
4.as was expected正如预料的那样
5.as has been already pointed out正如已经指出的那样
6.as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的.那样
which则不需要,例如:
The man died last night, which is a lie.
as 替代一句话即可放句首也可放句末,而which只能放句末。
(三)定语从句中的主谓一致
引导词在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词人称和数要根据引导词所指内容而定。例如:
1. Here are such sentences as are often used by the students. ( as指代sentences,谓语动词用are)。
2. I, who am a Party member, should work hard for our country.( who指代I, 谓语用am.)。
3. He was one of the students who were praised for it. ( who指代the students) 他是被表扬的学生之一。
4. He was the only one of the students who was praised for it. ( who 指the only one)他是唯一被表扬的学生。
(四)易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句
1.定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“。。。的(名词)”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词,如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分,可用which 或who/whom代替;而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。试比较:
① We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位语从句,that从句表示news的内容,that 在从句中不作任何成分)
② We don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.
(定语从句,that 作told 的宾语)
2.定语从句与状语从句。试比较:
① He left the key where he had been an hour before.
(where引导地点状语从句,相当于in the place where)
② He left the place where he lived for many years.
(where 引导定语从句,修饰the place)
③ He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.
(as 引导定语从句)
④ He is such a good teacher that we all like him.
(that引导结果状语从句,such…that… “如此…以致…”
3.定语从句与主语从句。试比较:
① As is known to us all, paper was first made in China.
(as 引导定语从句,指代整个主句内容,可置于句首)
② It is known to us all that paper was first made in China.
(it 做形式主语,代替that 引导的主语从句)
4.定语从句与强调结构。试比较:
① It is the house where I met the young man.
(where 引导定语从句,修饰house,where在定语从句中作地点状语)
② It was in the house that I met the young man.
(本句为强调结构,可还原为I met the young man in the house.)
下面咱们一起来分析几道定语从句的难题。
例1.It is the young man _______ looked for _______ caught the murderer.
A. that …who B. that …they C . they …that D they…which
分析:答案是C。本题考查了定语从句和强调句式。强调句式的结构是
“It is + 强调部分 + that/who….”。they looked for前省略了关系代词 that,因为先行词the young man 在从句中做looked for的宾语。强调句为It is the young man who/that caught the murderer.本句意思是“是那个他们寻找的年轻人抓住了杀人犯”。
例2.Is this factory _______ we visited last year?
A. where B in which C the one D at which
分析:做这题首先要明白一个概念。被定语从句修饰的名词前一般都有the,因为它已被限定。所以此题还原成陈述句应该是this factory is______ we visited last year. 而不是this is factory ______ we visited last year.知道这一点后做题容易了,不能选A, B, D。因为句子没有先行词。所以答案是C。从句前省略了关系代词that/which。题目如改为Is this the factory ________we visited last year? 空格处应该用which 或 that。
例3.The book, the cover _______ is broken, is not mine.
A. of it B for C whose D of which
分析:答案是D。先行词the book 代入从句应该是 the cover of the book is broken.相当于whose cover。
例4.This is Mr Smith, _____ I think has something interesting to tell you.
A who B whom C that D x
分析:此题同学们容易错选B,认为先行词Mr. Smith做think 的宾语。I think, you think, do you think 等表明某人观点的短语是插入语。插入语的特点是去掉不影响句子表达。所以做题时遇到插入语,先去掉,This is Mr. Smith, _______ has something interesting to tell you。很容易得到答案A.
例5.Who _______ has seen the TV film doesn’t admire it?
A that B who C which D as
分析:先行词是who,到是指人,可为了避免重复,不用who,而用能指代人的that。答案是A。
例6.You can never imagine what great trouble I have had ________ the patient who Received a serious wound.
A. treat B. to treat C treating D treated
分析:迷惑的答案是D,同学们容易根据had确定用过去分词。而做好这题,
关键是知道句型have trouble(difficult) doing sth 做某事有困难。定语从句部分是I have had (great trouble)treating the patient.而patient 后又有一个定语从句。答案是C。
例7.This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson.
A. when B that C which D in which
分析:答案是B。这里的time不指时间,而是次数。所以用that引导。
例8.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her.
A that B on which C which D as
分析:此题先行词是the way,用...方式的短语是in this way。所以定语从句应该是in which you laugh at her。但习惯上也可说that you laugh at her。或者什么也不用you laugh at her。答案是 A。
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