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定语从句后置定义
后置定语从句是指定语从句的关系词在从句中充当主语。而定语从句是指一个句子跟在一个名词或代词后面,并对改词进行补充、修饰、限定等。以下是小编整理的定语从句后置定义,希望对大家有所帮助。
1.定语从句
阅读读完主句主语后,如果发现有定语从句的引导词that,which,who等,一定要跳过第一个或并列的几个带有时态的动词(定语从句的谓语动词),直接寻找第二个带有或并列的几个带有时态的动词(主语的谓语动词),并将从定语从句的引导词至第二个带有时态的动词之间的部分用括号括起来,括号中的这部分就是修饰主语主语的定语从句。这类句子的阅读解步骤与前面提到的阅读文章中的两类句子基本一致。
例子:
The Ediacara fossil formation, which contains the oldest known animal fossils, consists exclusively of soft-bodied forms.
分析:主语The Ediacara fossil formation,which contains the oldest known animal fossils非现在性定语从句作插入,谓语consists exclusively of ,宾语soft-bodied forms。
定语从句先不读,读完句子主干之后再读。
下面我们按照上述步骤来理解这句话。
①读句子主干:主语(The Ediacara fossil formation)→谓语(consists exclusively of)→宾语(soft-bodied forms)
翻译:E化石形势只包含了软体动物,
②读主语的定语从句:which contains the oldest known animal fossils
翻译:包含了已知的最古老的动物化石
整个句子的意思就是:E化石形成,它包含了已知的最古老的动物化石,只包含了软体动物。
2.后置分词
有些长难句中,主语和谓语之间夹杂着一个修饰主语的后置分词结构,包括现在分词结构和过去分词结构两种。后置的现在分词结构比较容易辨识,在阅读句子时,可以将现在分词与谓语动词之间的部分用括号括起来,先读句子的主干,再读括号中的部分。后置的过去分词结构是个难题,不少人容易将过去分词错当成主句谓语动词的过去式。为了避免这种错误,在读长难句的时候需要分析主语与动词之间是主动关系还是被动关系。如果主语与动词之间是被动关系,而该动词前面没有表示被动关系的be动词,那么这个词就是主语的后置过去分词,而不是句子的谓语。将这部分用括号括起来即可,对于阅读试题解答就很有帮助了。读句子步骤如上。
Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment.
分析:主语Petroleum,consisting of crude oil and natural gas后置定语做插入,seems to originate from谓语, organic matter宾语,in marine sediment地点状语。
下面我们按照上述步骤来理解这句话。
①读句子主干:主语(Petroleum)→谓语(seems to originate from)→宾语(organic matter)
翻译:石油看似来自于有机物。
②读主语的后置分词修饰成分(consisting of crude oil and natural gas)
翻译:包含了原油和天然气。
③读句子的其他修饰成分(in marine sediment)
翻译:在海洋沉淀里。
整个句子的意思就是:包含原油和天然气的石油看似来自于海洋沉淀里的有机物质。
后置定语与定语从句
英语中的后置定语往往可以分为以下几类,形容词做后置定语,现在分词做后置定语,过去分词做后置定语,不定式作后置定语。而后置定语往往可以由定语从句演变而来,这种定语从句的关系词往往是关系代词在从句中充当主语。下面我们来逐一讨论:
1. 现在分词作后置定语
⑴Who is the girl dancing with your brother?(现在分词作后置定语,表正在)可改写成定语从句Who is the girl that is dancing with your brother? The high building being built (=which is being built)there is meant for the old without children. It is expected to be finished in a year.(正在被建)
⑵Anyone touching the wire will get a shock.可以改成定语从句Anyone who touches the wire will get a shock.
2. 过去分词做后置定语
The jewelry (which is) worn by the Indians was made of bones.
The spaceship (which was) called Shenzhou Ⅴ, was carrying China’s first astronaut, Yang Liwei. The Indians wearing (=who wore)jewelry (which)
was) made of bones greeted them warmly.
3. 不定时作后置定语
表示未发生或即将发生的情况如
The project (which is)tobe completed next month needs more people to help.(即将完成的)
There are more pains (which are)to come.(要来的)
Children who lived closest to the Fukushima-1 Nuclear Power Station were among the first to be tested.(the first,the last之后常用不定式作定语)
4. 形容词作后置定语
She is an American girl interested in sports.
I am a person optimistic about everything hard in life
后置定语从句讲解
一、 形容词作复合不定代词的后置定语
当被修饰词为复合不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything; somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody; someone, anyone, everyone, no one时,修饰语常位于被修饰的不定代词之后。
(1) Do you have anything else to say about it?
关于这件事,你还有什么要说的吗?
(2) I have something important to tell you.
我有些重要的事情要告诉你。
(3) Someone important will give the students a lecture on how to learn English well.
今天下午,一位重要的人物将给学生们做一场有关如何学好英语的报告。
二、 形容词作疑问词的后置定语
修饰疑问词what, which, who, whose, whom, when, where, why, how时,修饰语要后置。
(1) What important would you like to talk about?
你想谈论什么重要的事情?
(2) What else would you like to eat? 你还想吃什么?
(3) Where new have they decided to visit?
他们决定到哪些没有去过的地方参观?
三、 enough作后置定语
enough(a.)修饰名词时既可以在名词前,也可以在名词后。
(1) We have not enough time (time enough) to do the job.
我们没有足够的时间做该工作。
(2) They have enough people(people enough)to do the experiment.
他们有足够多的人手做这个实验。
但enough(adv.)修饰形容词或副词时,须位于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。例如:good enough (足够好的),big enough(够大的),fast enough(够快),carefully enough(足够仔细)。
四、 介词短语作后置定语
the map on the wall 墙上的地图
the bird in the tree 树上的那只小鸟
the development of China中国的发展
the way to the school 去学校的路
the life in the future 未来的生活
五、 动词不定式作后置定语
1.在某些名词结构中可用动词不定式作后置定语。
(1) He has lots of things to do.他有很多事情要做。
(2) Jack needed someone to carry the box.
杰克需要人来搬这个箱子。
(3) She always the first one to arrive at the school.
她总是第一个到达学校。
(4) There are a lot of things to do. 有许多事情要做。
2. 在某些名词后可用动词不定式作定语。
例如: ability, decision, chance, courage, right,
determination, promise, ambition, drive, effort, eagerness, failure, movement, need, opportunity, plan, reason, struggle, time, way, wish,等等。
(1) I don’t have the courage to tell you the truth.
我没有勇气告诉你事实。
(2) Does he have the ability to do the work?
他有能力干这项工作吗?
(3) You have no right to do such a thing!
你没有权利做这样的事!
(4) I’ll show you my determination to stop smoking.
我将向你们表明我戒烟的决心。
六、 分词短语作后置定语
1. 现在分词短语作后置定语。
(1) There is a dog lying on the ground.
有只小狗躺在地上。
(2) The girl sitting by my side is my sister.
坐在我旁边的是我妹妹。
(3) Here is a map showing you how to get to the railway station.
这儿有一张地图,告诉你怎样去火车站。
2. 过去分词短语作后置定语。
(1) This is a film directed by Feng Xiaogang.
这是一部由冯小刚导演的电影。
(2) She is a nurse trained by ourselves.
她是我们自己培养的护士。
(3) What is the language spoken in Spain?
西班牙使用的是什么语言?
3. 部分过去分词也可以作后置定语。
例如:left, gained, used, offered, discussed, ordered, wounded, injured, concerned, conducted, done, held, arranged, planned, suggested, finished, completed, arrested, given, fallen, constructed, missed,等等。
(1) Is there anybody injured?有人负伤吗?
(2) The money left is not enough for so many people to live through.
剩余的钱不够这么多人用的。
(3) She liked all the courses offered.
她对所开的课程都很喜欢。
(4) The experience gained will be of great value to us.
取得的经验将对我们很有价值。
七、定语从句作后置定语
1.定语从句作后置定语的构成是:
先行词+关系代词/副词+从句。引导定语从句的关联词包括关系代词和关系副词,关系代词有:that,which,whose,who,whom,as,等等。关系副词有:when,where,why,等等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分(可充当主语,宾语,标语等句子成分)。
注意:关系代词在从句中充当动词的宾语时一般可以省略。
(1) The student who answered the question was Jack.
回答问题的这个学生是杰克。
(2) The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother.
在跟你交谈的那个男孩是我的哥哥。
2. 关系代词的选用比较复杂,受下列条件的制约:
① 要看先行词是指人还是指物。
People who take physical exercise live longer.
进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。
② 要看关系代词在从句中句法功能。
I still remember the day when/on which my brother joined the army.(作状语)
我仍然记得我哥哥参军的那一天。
I still remember the days which/that we spent together.(作宾语)
我仍然记得我们在一起度过的日子。
I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.(作定语)
我想要一间窗户朝向大海的房间。
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