高考定语从句真题解析
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高考定语从句真题解析
01定语从句基本概念
在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
02定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose),as等。
关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
03定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
1. 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。例如:
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。
2. 非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。例如:
The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的.
注意:非限定性定语从句中不能使用关系代词 that。
04关系代词的用法
1. that
that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2. which
which 用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3. who, whom
who, whom 用于指人,who 用作主语和表语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(who 作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(whom 作宾语)
4. as
① 引导限定性定语从句时,指与先行词相似的人或物,必须用于 such/so...as...或 the same...as...结构中,例如:
Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.
被他提到的这样的人是诚实的。
Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.
上学期我们数学老师出了一道我们没有一个人会的数学题。
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.
这是和我昨天买的包一样的包。
② 引导非限定性定语从句时,只能修饰句子,可置于被修饰句子后面、前面或主谓之间,翻译成“正如...那样”例如:
The earth moves around the sun, as we all know.
As we all know,The earth moves around the sun.
The earth, as we all know, moves around the sun
③ 在非限制性定语从句中,which和as引导定语从句时的区别:
a. which引导的从句不能放在主句前,而as引导的从句则既可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,还可以放在主谓之间。
b. as和which都可以指代一个句子,但as有“正如”、“就像”之意,which则没有此含义。
c. as 引导的非限定定语从句只能修饰句子,which 引导的非限定性定语从句可以修饰句子,也可以修饰名词。
注意:
1. 当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,whom, that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.
这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.
请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
2. 含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for.
这就是你要找的那个人。
3. 关系词只能用that的情况:
① 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用关系代词who。
② 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用关系代词who。
③ 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which。例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
注意: 当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用关系代词who。例如:
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.
王华是我们学校唯一将会出席这个会议的人。
④ 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
⑤ 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
⑥ 主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
4. 关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
①先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
②关系代词前有介词时,用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives.
这是他居住的房间。
③引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
05关系副词的用法
1. when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.
这是他到达的时间。(when=at which)
2. where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:
This is the place where he works.
这是他工作的地点。(where=at /in which)
3. why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。(why=for which)
下面来做做近三年定语从句真题吧,看看以上内容你掌握住了多少?
单句改错
1.(2016·四川)The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.
【答案与解析】what→that/which或去掉what 句意:我做的菜是妈妈最喜欢的。先行词dishes在定语从句中作宾语,故应用that,which或省略关系代词。
2.(2014·广西)And it is wise to have as many good friends that we can.
【答案与解析】that→as 句意:尽可能多交朋友是很明智的。本句是as...as...引导的定语从句,先行词是good friends,因为前面有as many修饰,所以关系代词使用as,指代先行词,并在句中作省略的have的宾语。
单句填空
1.(2016·新课标Ⅰ,65)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid 1980s,________ I was the first Western TV reporter.
【答案与解析】when句意:……但是我是第一个被允许拍摄一个特殊的关于照料……的单元的西方电视台记者。先行词the mid 1980s在定语从句中作时间状语,故应用when引导定语从句。
2.(2016·新课标Ⅲ,67)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,________ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the development of chopsticks.
【答案与解析】who句意:一些人认为生活在大约公元前551年到479年之间的中国的伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展进程。所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语,指人,所以填who。
3.(2016·浙江,7)The study suggests that the cultures we grow up in influence the basic processes by ________ we see the world around us.
【答案与解析】which句意:研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看周围世界的基本过程。这是一个定语从句,先行词为指物的the basic processes,所以介词by后面用which。
4.(2016·浙江,11)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of ________ has been proved.
【答案与解析】which句意:关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪,科学家已经提出了很多理论,没有一个是被证明的。这是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是theories,指物,定语从句用“代词+介词+关系代词which”引导。
5.(2016·浙江,14)When the time came to make the final decision for a course,I decided to apply for the one ________ reflected my interest.
【答案与解析】that句意:当到了最后决定课程的时候,我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。先行词为the one,所以引导词要用that。
6.(2016·北京,22)I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.
【答案与解析】whose句意:我住在一对夫妻的隔壁,他们家的孩子们总是很喧闹。此处用引导词whose在定语从句中作定语修饰children。
7.(2016·天津,9)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,________ the weather may be better.
【答案与解析】when句意:我们将把在公园里进行野餐推迟到下周,那时天气可能更好。空后是非限制性定语从句,从句中缺少状语,先行词是表示时间的`名词next week,故用when引导。
8.(2015·新课标Ⅰ,64)I'd skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
【答案与解析】 that/which句意:我没有参观附近的桂林——游客们寻找石灰岩山顶和漓江黑水的理想的地点,它们被画家画到很多中国画中。因为先行词指物,且在定语从句中作主语,所以用that或which引导。
9.(2015·北京,24)Opposite is St.Paul's Church,________ you can hear some lovely music.
【答案与解析】 where句意:对面是圣·保罗大教堂,在那里,你可以听到美妙的音乐。因为先行词St.Paul's Church在非限制性定语从句中充当地点状语,所以这里使用where引导定语从句。
10.(2015·福建,34)China Today attracts a worldwide readership,________ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
【答案与解析】 which句意:《今日中国》获得全世界读者的关注,表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。which引导非限制性定语从句代替前面整句话。
11.(2015·湖南,29)It is a truly delightful place,________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
【答案与解析】 which句意:这真是一个令人高兴的地方,这个地方看起来和一百年前一样,有蜿蜒的街道和美丽的小屋。先行词a truly delightful place是物,且在非限制性定语从句中作主语,所以用which引导。
12.(2015·天津,15)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.
【答案与解析】 where句意:这家公司的老板正试图创造一个员工都喜欢工作的轻松环境。先行词为抽象地点名词,定语从句中缺少状语,故用where引导。
13.(2015·江苏,21)The number of smokers,________is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
【答案与解析】 as句意:据报道,仅一年的时间,吸烟人的数量就下降了百分之十七。此处由as引导非限制性定语从句,表示“正如……”。
14.(2015·四川,3)The books on the desk,________ covers are shiny,are prizes for us.
【答案与解析】 whose句意:桌子上封面发光的那些书是给我们的奖品。引导词在定语从句中作定语修饰covers,故关系词用whose。
15.(2015·陕西,15)As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.
【答案与解析】 when句意:作为家里最小的孩子,艾历克斯一直期盼他能够独立。先行词为时间名词the time,定语从句中缺少状语,所以填关系副词when。
16.(2014·新课标Ⅰ,67)Maybe you have a habit ________ is driving your family crazy.
【答案与解析】 that/which句意:可能你有一个令你的家人发疯的习惯。habit后是一个定语从句,所填词引导该从句,且作主语,故用that或which。
17.(2014·山东,10)A company ________ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
【答案与解析】 whose句意:国内市场利润下降的公司可以从国外市场上寻找机会。所填词引导定语从句,并在从句中作定语,故用whose。
18.(2014·江苏,22)The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work ________ a good impression is a must.
【答案与解析】 where句意:这本书在日常交流方面对我帮助很大,尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作中。work在此为表示地点的名词,其后是一个定语从句;要填的词引导从句并在从句中作状语,故用关系副词where。
19.(2014·湖南,31)I am looking forward to the day ________ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
【答案与解析】 when句意:我一直都在期待我的女儿能够读懂这本书并了解我对她的感情的那一天。要填的词引导一个定语从句,先行词是表示时间的the day;从句缺少状语,故填when。
20.(2014·北京,26)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,________ my classmates recommended to me.
【答案与解析】 which句意:上星期我从图书馆借阅了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》一书,它是我同学推荐给我的。逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句,要填的词引导从句并在从句中作宾语,指事物,故填which。
21.(2014·重庆,9)We'll reach the sales targets in a month ________ we set at the beginning of the year.
【答案与解析】 that/which句意:一个月内我们将要实现年初我们设定的销售目标。此处用that或which代替the sales targets 在定语从句中作set的宾语。
22.(2014·陕西,13)Please send us all the information ______ you have about the candidate for the position.
【答案与解析】 that句意:请你把你手头的有关这个职位的候选人的所有信息发给我们。分析句子结构可知,空格处为定语从句引导词,定语从句先行词为all the information,故填that。注:which引导的定语从句不修饰用all修饰的先行词。
23.(2014·四川,4)Until now,we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children,________ is quite unexpected.
【答案与解析】 which句意:直到现在,我们已经为贫困的孩子筹集到了五万英镑,这真的出乎意料。分析句子结构可知,空格处为非限制性定语从句引导词,指代上文提到的整件事情,故填which。
24.(2014·福建,31)Students should involve themselves in community activities________ they can gain experience for growth.
【答案与解析】 where句意:应该让学生参与社团活动,在活动中他们能够获得成长所需要的经验。分析句子结构可知,从空格处一直到句尾为定语从句,修饰先行词activities,并且先行词在定语从句中作地点状语,故填关系副词where。
25.(2014·安徽,22)The exact year ________ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
【答案与解析】 that/which句意:安吉拉和她家人一起在中国度过的确切年份是2008年。分析句子结构可知,空格处为定语从句的引导词,先行词为the exact year,在从句中作spent的宾语,指物,故填that或which。
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