关于定语从句的基本知识
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定语从句中的先行词
定语从句,是用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的.句子。被修饰名词或代词在定语从句前面,称为先行词。引导定语从句的连词,称为关系词,关系词包括关系代词与关系副词。
1. 一个词(名词或代词)
【真题例句】For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances ,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.
【考点】Who 引导定语从句修饰前面的名词acquaintances。
【翻译】不过,要出现某个社会潮流,每个被这样影响的人必须接着去影响自己认识的人,而这些人反过来再去影响他们认识的人,如此循环下去。其他人中有多少人注意到这些人,几乎与最初的影响者没有什么关系。
2. 一个短语
【真题例句】During the past generation, the America middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.
【考点】句子的主干是the America middle-class family...has been transformed 。That引导定语从句修饰the America middle-class family,即先行词是名词短语the America middle-class family 。
【翻译】上一代,经济危机和新实现使曾经靠努力工作和公平竞争来保持收入稳定的美国中产阶级家庭发生了改变。
3. 一个从句
【真题例句】The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
【考点】本句中which引导的定语从句修饰的不是the process of thought或he structure of language,而是整个宾语the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,它所表达的是一种观点,即which指代这种观点。
【翻译】希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在某种联系。这一观点早在人们意识到语言的千差万
别之前早已在欧洲扎下了根。
4. 一个完整的句子
【真题例句】When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shape is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust.
【考点】which引导非限定性定语从句,修饰When the court...is inescapably political。
【翻译】当法院处理社会决策时,它定制的法律不可避免地具有政治性—这也就是为什么不同意识形态的决策容易被认为是不公平的而不予考虑。
定语从句中的关系词
■关系词的用法
关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等。其中who和whom只用于指人,which和as 只用于指事物,whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物;它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语。关系副词主要有when, where 和why。其中when表示时间,where表地点,why表原因,它们在定语从句中均用作状语。
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞行的机器。(that指物,在从句中用作主语)
I have forgotten everything that I learned at school. 我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了。(that指物,在从句中句作宾语)
The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。(who指人,在从句中作主语)
The house whose windows are broken is empty. 破了窗户的那座房子是空的。(whose指物,在从句中作定语)
There are some students whose questions I can’t answer. 有些学生提出的问题我回答不了。(whose指人,在从句中作定语)
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。(as指人,在从句作表语)
■关系词的选择
选择关系词可考虑以下四点:
(1) 一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等)。
(2) 二看关系词的句法x能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when, where, why)。
(3) 三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。
(4) 四看文体,即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体,是书面语体还是口语体。
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