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定语从句格式
定语从句并不是初中阶段的重点教学内容。对于初中生来说,这一语法现象比较复杂和概念化,不容易理解和准确运用,因此通常被安排在初三,并且只要求学生具有初步的定语从句知识。以下是小编精心整理的定语从句格式,希望对大家有所帮助。
一、定义
用来修饰句子中的名词或代词或其短语的从句,就叫做定语从句。其实,就是拿句子来做名词、代词或是其短语的定语。如:
Its a book.
I bought the book yesterday.
以上两句话中,都有book一词,所以可以用定语从句把两句话连起来。即:
Its the book that I bought yesterday.
这句话中that引导的I bought yesterday就是一个定语从句,用来修饰the book。
二、两个概念
要想学好定语从句,得先弄清楚两个基本概念,即:先行词和关系词。
(一)先行词
所谓先行词,就是指定语从句所修饰的成分。这个名称倒是挺形象的,为什么?因为先行词永远出现在定语从句的前面,总是先走一步的,呵呵!
(二)关系词
所谓关系词,就是指用来连接定语从句的词语。关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词。需要注意的是,关系代词或关系副词都要在从句中充当成分的,所以是不可或缺的,尽管当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,经常可以省略(本文会继续讲到这个情况)。
我们在来看一下在第一节里出现的句子:
Its the book that I bought yesterday.
句中的the book就是先行词,被后面的从句I bought yesterday所修饰。而that就是关系代词,用来连接I bought yesterday,同时又在从句作bought的宾语,而且可以省略。
定语从句的学习,其实就是有关根据先行词的特点选择合适的关系词的学习。
三、分类
按照定语从句与先行词的关系紧密与否,可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
(一)限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用,是不可或缺的。如:
These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.
(二)非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句对先行词起着补充说明作用,可要可不要。非限定性定语从句都会被逗号与先行词隔开。如:
They have to walk to the South Pole, which is out of a planes reach.
【注意】
1、当先行词具有唯一性的时候,就只能采用非限定性定语从句,否则就会产生歧义或误解。如:
限定性定语从句:His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old classmates.
非限定性定语从句:His wife, who is now in Paris, is one of my old classmates.
因为限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用,所以具有特指功能,所以第一句中的限定性定语从句意味着是特指他在巴黎的妻子,其潜台词就是他不只一个妻子,也许在上海或者在纽约等其他地方还有妻子。
而非限定性定语从句只对先行词起着补充说明作用,没有特指功能,所以第二句中的非限定性定语从句只是用来补充说明他的妻子现在人在巴黎这个事实。
2、that和why不能用来引导非限定性定语从句
that不能用来连接非限定性定语从句,具体的请看下一节的内容。
而why因为总是紧跟先行词reason,所以也不能用于引导非限定性定语从句。如:
Thats the reason why he was late for school this morning.
在reason和why之间,不能插入逗号。
四、关系代词
英语里能够用来连接定语从句的关系代词主要有:
that:表人或物
which:表物
who:表人(主格或宾格)
whom:表人(宾格)
whose:表人或物(所有格)
(一)that引导的定语从句
that引导定语从句时,其先行词既可能是人,也可能是物。如:
This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.
He is the man that will visit our school next week.
【注意】
1、当that的先行词表物时,可以用which来替换。此外,当that在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。如:
This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.
This is the photo I took during the trip in France.
句中的先行词the photo在从句I took during the trip in France中作took的宾语,所以可以省略。
2、不能用that的情况
1)当定语从句以介词开头时,一般不用that,而要用which或whom。如:
This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.
She is the girl to whom I talked just now.
两句话的定语从句分别以介词for和to开头,所以后面不能再用that,而要采用which和whom。
2)当先行词是that时,往往用which来替换。如:
We have that which we need.
此时,that which往往可以用what来替换,因此我们可以把上面的句子改为:
We have what we need.
3)在非限定性定语从句中。如:
错误:His aunt, that is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.
正确:His aunt, who is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.
3、只能用that的情况
1)当先行词为everything、all,little、much等不定代词时。如:
All that glitters is not gold.
2)当先行词被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修饰时。如:
Dont waste any water that is reusable.
3)当先行词被the only、the very、the same、the last修饰时。如:
They are the only students that will attend the meeting.
4)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如:
This is the first time that I have ever heard about a ghost.
5)当先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时。如:
There are five pens that will be on display tomorrow.
6)当先行词有人又有物时。如:
We dont like the teacher and his lessons that are not interesting at all.
7)当主句是以who或which及其-ever结构开头的特殊疑问句时。如:
Whoever that breaks the law will be punished.
4、多用who、不用that的情况
1)当先行词为anyone、one、ones时。如:
He is the one who will teach us English.
2)当先行词为those、he和people时。如:
Those who want to ask questions need to write them down first.
定语从句的引导
引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that; 关系副词有where, when, why。它们都在定语从句中担任句子成分。现分述如下:
1.定语从句假如修饰人,经常用关系代词who,有时也用that(作主语时多用who)。例如:
He is a man who / that often helps others.他是一位经常协助他人的人。
假如这个关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用whom或that, 但这种情况往往都可以把引导词省略,且在口语中可用who代替whom。例如:
Here is the man (whom / that / who) you would like to see.这就是你想见的那个人。
值得注意的是,假如是在介词的后面就只能用whom。例如:
The boy to whom I spoke is my brother.刚才和我说话的那个男孩是我弟弟。
假如表示“……的”时,就用who的所有格whose。例如:
Is there anyone in our class whose father is a doctor? 我们班有谁的父亲是当医生的吗?
whose的先行词也可是物。例如:
The house whose windows face the street is my uncle‘s.窗户面朝街的那座房子是我叔叔的。
2.定语从句假如修饰“物”,用关系代词that的时候较多,有时也用which。例如:
It‘s a computer which / that costs six thousand yuan.这是一台价值六千元的电脑。
当这个代词在从句中用作宾语时,往往都会把它省略。例如:
The present(that / which) you gave me is very beautiful.你给我的那件礼物非常漂亮。
在介词的后面只能用which。例如:
This is the book about which they are talking.这就是他们正在谈论的那本书。
3.定语从句修饰一个表示时间的词时,用关系副词when。例如:
I will never forget the day when I met her.我将永远不会忘记我见到她的那一天。
4.定语从句修饰地点名词时,用关系副词where。例如:
This is the place where we lived for five years.这就是我们曾经住过五年的地方。
5.定语从句修饰一个表示原因的词时,用关系副词why。例如:
I know the reason why she didn‘t come yesterday.我知道她昨天没来的原因。
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