改定语从句的方法
定语从句又称为关系从句,是最常见的从句之一.每年高考题对之均有考查,以下是小编整理的改定语从句的方法,希望对大家有所帮助。
(1)定语从句改为分词短语的方法:
关系词充当从句的主语时,如果谓语结构为实词,将关系代词进行省略,而从句中的实词要发生形式的改变。如果原本从句是一个主动语态,可以将动词直接变成ing形式。如果原本谓语动词是一个被动语态,可以直接保留过去分词。如果谓语结构为be+名词,这时,可以将be动词同时省略,将后面的名词和前面从句所修饰的名词构成同位语结构。
①若作主语的关系代词之后有be动词, 删去关系代词和be动词即成分词短语。
Watch the man whois coming this way.
=Watch the mancoming this way.
注意向这边走来的那个人。
②若作主语的关系代词之后没有be动词而为一般动词,则删去关系代词,再将动词改为现在分词。无论时态是不是过去时,都要改为doing形式,如果主句时态是现在时,从句是过去时,则可以去掉关系代词,加having,改一般过去时动词为done的形式,不过这种情况很少见。
Anyone who wishesto leave early may do so.
=Anyone wishing toleave early may do so.
任何想要早一点儿离开的人都可以离开。
③若做主的关系代词之后有be动词加过去分词的被动语态,则去掉关系代词以及be动词。
An apple that iseaten belongs to me.
=An apple eatenbeongs to me.
这个被吃掉的苹果是我的。
(2)状语从句改为分词短语的方法:
①先将引导状语从句的连接词去掉。
②状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,再把状语从句的主语去掉, 如不相同则保留。
③任何动词(包括be动词)均改为分词(被动语态去掉be动词为过去分词,进行时态,去掉be动词为现在分词)。(如为进行式,则须把be动词去掉)
④分词为being和havingbeen时,可以把be省略掉。
⑤如遇到否定词则放在分词前。(否定词+分词)
⑥句子的其余部分不变。
前后主语相同的情况:
After I had seenmy brother, I felt much relieved.
=Having seen mybrother, I felt much relieved.
见到哥哥之后,我觉得轻松多了。
As he is ill, hecan’t attend the meeting.
=Being ill, hecan’t attend the meeting.
他因病不能出席会议。
When he was buyingthe book, he met an old friend.
=Buying the book,he met an old friend.
他买书的时候,遇到一位老朋友。
As he has beenpraised too much, he becomes too proud.
=(Having been)Praised too much, he becomes too proud.
他因为受到过分的夸奖,而变得骄傲。
【注】前后主语不相同的情况(带有逻辑主语的分词短语,称为独立主格结构):
After the sun hadset, we arrived at the station.
=The sun havingset, we arrived at the station. 我们于日落后到达车站。
When school wasover, the boys went home.
=School beingover, the boys went home. 放学了,男孩子们回家了。
As my homework hasbeen done, I have nothing else to do.
=My homework(having been) done, I have nothing else to do. 因为我的作业写完了,所以我没有别的事做。
注1:若状语从句的主语为人称代词时,虽然和主句的主语不同,分词短语的主语也可以省略,此分词短语也称为独立分词短语。
If we speakstrictly, you are not justified.
=(We)Strictlyspeaking, you are not justified. 严格地说起来,你没有理由。
If we take allthings into consideration, he is an honorable man.
=(We) Taking allthings into consideration, he is an honorable man. 从各方面来说,他是个可敬的人。
注2:状语从句改为分词短语时,若主句的动词为现在式,状语从句的动词为过去式,而为了要表示状语从句的动作时间早于主句的动词,应改为完成式分词,表示比主句动词的'动作先发生。
As he was idle inhis youth, he has to work hard in his old age.
=(Having been)idle in his youth, he has to work hard in his old age. 他因为年轻时不务正业,现在年老了必须苦干。
拓展:定语从句的关系构成
关系从句的句法功能主要是充当定语。在英语中,关系从句通常位于它所修饰的词(组)之后。被关系从句修饰的词(组)叫做先行词(英语:antecedent),引导关系从句的词称为关系词,关系词指代先行词并在关系从句中充当一定的成分。例如:
This is the book which interests me.(“which interests me”是关系从句,修饰先行词“book”,而关系词“which”指代先行词“book”并在关系从句中充当主语。这句话可以拆分为两个句子来理解:“This is the book.”和“The book interests me.”)
关系分类
关系从句有限制性关系从句(英语:restrictive relative clause或defining relative clause)和非限制性关系从句(英语:non-restrictive relative clause)之分。限制性关系从句起限定作用,修饰特定的名词或名词短语;而非限制性关系从句只起补充说明某种信息的作用。例如:
The government which promises to cut taxes will be popular.(限制性关系从句,指任何一个减税的政府)
The government, which promises to cut taxes, will be popular. (非限制性关系从句,补充说明(现任的)政府的情况)
There were very few passengers who escaped without serious injury. (限制性关系从句,指逃出来的乘客大多受了伤)
There were very few passengers, who escaped without serious injury. (非限制性关系从句,指游客人数本来就很少,这些游客都逃了出来且没有受伤)
限制性关系从句
从语义上看,限制性关系从句主要起限定作用,修饰特定的人或事物,如果去掉限制性定语从句,整个句子表意会不完整甚至不通顺;从结构上看,限制性关系从句常紧跟先行词,并且同先行词之间一般不加逗号分隔(但不是绝对的)。
限制性关系从句的关系词包括:that, which, who, whom, whose, as, than等。
非限制性关系从句
从语义上看,非限制性关系从句主要起补充说明的作用,有时相当于一个并列分句或状语从句,可以表达原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。例如:
Dr Lee, who had read through the instructions carefully before doing his experiments, did not obtain satisfactory results. (非限制性关系从句表示让步的意义,相当于though Dr Lee had read through the instructions...)
非限制性定语从句的关系词包括:which, who, whom, whose, as等,另外that在非限制性关系从句中并非绝对不可使用。
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