非谓语从句和定语从句

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非谓语从句和定语从句

　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。以下小编为大家介绍非谓语从句和定语从句文章，欢迎大家阅读参考!

　　非谓语从句和定语从句

　　非谓语从句

　　英语中的非是整个当中非常重要的部分，也是学生学习的一个难点。其实，我们可以从从句的角度来解释非，弄清非谓语动词与从句的关系，这样会使学生对非谓语动词有更好的了解，学习起来更容易。

　　I. v-ing 形式与从句之间的转换

　　1. v-ing形式作主语可换成that引导的主语从句

　　Toms knowing English helps him in learning French. That Tom knows English helps him in learning English.

　　Her being out of work was unexpected. That she was out of work was unexpected.

　　2. v-ing形式作宾语或宾补可换成that引导的宾语从句

　　I remember having paid him for his work. I remember that I have paid him for his work.

　　He suggests our making better use of the school library. He suggests that we (should) make better use of the school library.

　　3. v-ing形式作表语可换成that引导的表语从句

　　Our worry is your depending too much on him. Our worry is that you depend too much on him.

　　The question is many peoples being trapped in the fire. The question is that many people are trapped in the fire.

　　4. v-ing形式作定语可换成that, who, which引导的定语从句

　　We will study in the house facing south. We will study in the house that / which faces south.

　　The man talking to my teacher is my father. The man who / that is talking to my teacher is my father.

　　5. v-ing形式作状语可换成相应状语从句

　　On arriving there, I will telephone you. As soon as I arrive there, I will telephone you.

　　While waiting for the bus, I caught sight of her. While I was waiting for the bus, I caught sight of her.

　　另外，v-ing形式在句中表伴随或作结果状语，相当于一个并列句，也可和with结构转换。

　　He died, leaving his daughter much money. He died, and (he) left his daughter much money.

　　He died, with his daughter much money.

　　II. V-ed形式与从句之间的转换

　　1. v-ed形式作定语可换成定语从句

　　The question discussed yesterday is very important. The question that / which was discussed yesterday is very important.

　　The boy lost in thought is my brother. The boy who is lost in thought is my brother.

　　2. v-ed形式作宾补可换成宾语从句

　　I found the room broken into and a lot of things stolen. I found (that) the room had been broken into and a lot of things had been stolen.

　　3. v-ed形式作状语可换成状语从句

　　(If) heated, water will turn into steam. If it is heated, water will turn into steam.

　　Dont speak until spoken to. Dont speak until you are spoken to.

　　III. to do形式与从句的转换

　　1. to do形式作主语可转换成主语从句

　　When and where (for us) to hold the meeting is unknown yet. When and where we will hold the meeting is unknown yet.

　　They seemed to be eating something cooked on the fire. It seemed that they were eating something cooked on the fire.

　　2. to do形式作宾语或宾补可换成宾语从句

　　I dont know what to do with the matter. I dont know that I should do with the matter.

　　I warned him not to drive the car after drinking. I warned that he should not drive the car after drinking.

　　3. to do形式作表语可换成表语从句

　　My wish is to become a pilot after graduation. My wish is that I can become a pilot after graduation.

　　My only worry was for her not to have enough experience in it. My only worry was that she have enough experience in it.

　　4. to do形式作定语可换成定语从句

　　The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance. The meeting that / which will be held is of great importance.

　　He was the first to arrive and the last to leave. He was the first that arrived and the last that left.

　　5. to do形式作目的、结果、原因状语可转换成相应的状语从句

　　They started off early in order / so as to arrive in time. They started off early in order / so that they could arrive in time.

　　She was so excited as not to go to sleep. She was too excited to go to sleep.

　　She was so excited that she couldnt go to sleep.

　　定语从句

　　关系代词引导的定语从句

　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

　　1）who, whom,that

　　这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

　　Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

　　他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

　　他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

　　2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：

　　They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

　　Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。

　　3）which, that

　　它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

　　A prosperitywhich / thathad never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语）

　　The packagewhich / thatyou are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语）

　　关系副词引导的定语从句

　　关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

　　1）when, where, why

　　关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：

　　There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

　　Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。

　　Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？

　　2）that代替关系副词

　　that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在非正式文体中that常被省略（正式文体中不可省略），例如：

　　His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

　　He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

　　判断关系代词与关系副词

　　方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词。例如：

　　（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

　　（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

　　（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

　　（对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

　　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

　　方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词.先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，应选择关系代词；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选择关系副词。

　　例如：（对）Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?

　　（对）Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?

　　定语从句改成非谓语的方法：

　　表示主动，正在进行的动作的时候，可以用现在分词来改写。如：

　　I know the girl who is talking to the teacher.

　　I know the girl talking to the teacher.

　　我认识正在和老师说话的那位女孩。

　　The woman who is wavingfromthe window is my mom.

　　The woman wavingfromthe window is my mom.

　　在窗户那边挥手的人是我妈妈。

　　2. 表示被动，已经完成的动作的时候，用过去分词来改写，如：

　　Shirts which are made of silk are very expensive.

　　Shirts made of silk are very expensive.

　　丝织的衬衫很贵。

　　I like the building which was designed by Mr. Wu.

　　I like the building designed by Mr. Wu.

　　我喜欢这栋被吴先生设计出来的大楼。

　　3. 表示将来的动作，用动词不定式来改写，如：

　　The problem which is going to be discussed tomorrow is our quarterly meeting.

　　The problem to be discussed tomorrow is our quarterly meeting.

　　明天要讨论的问题是我们的季度会议。

　　4. 表示正在被进行的动作，用现在分词的被动式来改写。如：

　　The problem which is being discussed now is our quarterly meeting.

　　The problem being discussed tomorrow is our quarterly meeting.

　　现在正在讨论的问题是我们的季度会议。

　　定语从句

　　定语从句基本概念

　　在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

　　引导定语从句的词叫关系词。

　　被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

　　定语从句的关系词

　　引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。

　　常见的关系代词包括that， which， who(宾格whom，所有格whose)，as 等。

　　关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

　　定语从句的分类

　　根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。

　　1. 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。例如：

　　Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.

　　任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。

　　2. 非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。例如：

　　The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.

　　这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的.

　　注意：非限定性定语从句中不能使用关系代词 that。

　　关系代词的用法

　　1. that

　　that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语可省略。例如：

　　Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.

　　玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)

　　The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.

　　我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)

　　2. which

　　which 用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语可省略。例如：

　　The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)

　　The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.

　　我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

　　3. who， whom

　　who， whom 用于指人，who 用作主语和表语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：

　　The girl who often helps me with my English isfromEngland.

　　经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(who 作主语)

　　Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?

　　正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(whom 作宾语)

　　4. as

　　① 引导限定性定语从句时，指与先行词相似的人或物，必须用于 such/so...as...或 the same...as...结构中，例如：

　　Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.

　　被他提到的这样的人是诚实的。

　　Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.

　　上学期我们数学老师出了一道我们没有一个人会的数学题。

　　This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.

　　这是和我昨天买的包一样的包。

　　② 引导非限定性定语从句时，只能修饰句子，可置于被修饰句子后面、前面或主谓之间,翻译成“正如...那样”例如：

　　The earth moves around the sun, as we all know.

　　As we all know,The earth moves around the sun.

　　The earth, as we all know, moves around the sun

　　③ 在非限制性定语从句中，which和as引导定语从句时的区别：

　　a. which引导的从句不能放在主句前，而as引导的从句则既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，还可以放在主谓之间。

　　b. as和which都可以指代一个句子，但as有“正如”、“就像”之意，which则没有此含义。

　　c. as 引导的非限定定语从句只能修饰句子，which 引导的非限定性定语从句可以修饰句子，也可以修饰名词。

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