定语从句中的定语如何解释

　　定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。主要有形容词，此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。

　　定语的位置一般有两种：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语，用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。

　　单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。

　　定语前置

　　在英语里，一般定语前置时的次序为：限定词，形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前，我们要注意其次序。

　　其形容词遵循的词序为：限观形龄颜国材

　　指：限定词（一般指数量）；外观（美丽等）；形状（大小，高矮，肥瘦）；年龄；颜色；国籍；材料；用途。

　　如：

　　1限定词 2 外观 3形状 4年龄 5颜色 6国籍 7材料 8用途

　　a famous American university

　　an interesting little red French oil painting

　　a new plastic bucket

　　a purple velvet curtains

　　an elegant German clock

　　另外，有些形容词也有特殊的次序：

　　描述身体特征的形容词先于表示情感和性格特征的形容词

　　例如：a small lovely girl,a long patient queue,a pale anxious patient ;

　　表示颜色的`形容词放在表示情感和性格特征的形容词之后

　　例如：a kindly black teacher,an inquisitive brown dog ;

　　little,old 和young 有时可以作为名词短语不可分割的一部分，所以可以直接放在名词之前，

　　例如：a lovely little girl

　　表示性格特征的形容词可以放在old young 之前，也可放在old young 之后，例如：

　　a young ambitious man （强调年龄），an ambitious young man（强调雄心勃勃）。

　　当然，三个以上形容词连用作定语，就显得累赘，因此上面所说的情况一般较少出现.

　　数词

　　数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens.（two为定语，修饰名词boy：two修饰名词pen）/两个男孩需要两支钢笔。

　　The two boys are students.（two为定语，在此数词做形容词，修饰名词boy）/这两个男孩是学生。

　　There are two boys in the room.（two为定语，在此数词做形容词，修饰名词boy）/房间里有两个男孩。

　　特殊词

　　代词或名词所有格作定语：

　　His son needs Tom's pen.（his为定语，修饰名词son；Tom’s为定语，修饰名词pen）/他的儿子需要Tom的钢笔。

　　His name is Tom.（his为定语，修饰名词name）/他的名字是汤姆。

　　定语后置

　　短语作定语一般后置

　　It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议。

　　He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。

　　English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门容易学但是难精通的语言。

　　The boys hardest to teach are all in his class.最难教的男生都在他的班里了。

　　修饰some，any，no，every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置

　　Let’s go somewhere quiet. 咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。

　　There is nothing important in today's newspaper. 今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。

　　Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗

　　副词作定语

　　The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好。

　　They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间。

　　动词、名词转化而来的以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词作定语

　　He is a person dependable. 他是一个可以依靠的人

　　This is the only transportation means available. 这是唯一可行的交通工具。

　　起强调作用的单个分词

　　Everybody involved should stay here.每个（被）涉及到的人都应该呆在这里。

　　The college mentioned. （被）提及的大学。

　　英语定语从句用法

　　在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等，关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。

　　1.由who引导的定语从句中 ， who用作主语，如： This is the boy who often helps me.

　　2.由whom引导的定语从句中，whom用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.

　　3.由whose引导的定语从句中 ， whose用作定语，如： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?

　　4.由which引导的定语从句中，which用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如：

　　The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.

　　The river which is in front of my house is very clean.

　　This is the pen which you want.

　　注意：

　　(1)whom, which用作介词宾语时，介词可放在 whom、which之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。如： He is the very person whom we must take good care of.

　　(2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which，不用that,如：I have lost

　　my bag, which I like very much.

　　(3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。

　　5.由that引导的定语从句中，that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：

　　The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.

　　注意在下面几种情况下必须用 that引导定语从句。

　　(1)先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等，如：

　　All that we have to do is to practise English.

　　(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如

　　The first letter that I got from him will be kept.

　　(3)先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰，如

　　I've eaten up all the food that you gave me.

　　(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时如

　　He is the only person that I want to talk with.

　　(5)先行词既有人又有物时，如:

　　They talked about persons and things that they met.

　　(6)当句中已有who时，为避免重复，如： Who is the man that is giving us theclass?

　　6.由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如:

　　I don't know the reason why he was late.

　　This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.

　　I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.

　　注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where引导。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)

　　7. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

　　(1)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略。

　　(2)非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句，不影响主句意思的完整，一般用逗号把主句和从句分开，关系代词用 which,不用that;指人时可用who,如： I have two brothers, who are both students.

　　8．如何简化定语从句

　　（1）.定语从句简化为形容词或形容词短语作后置定语。如:

　　My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.

　　→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在离这儿很远的一个村子。

　　This is a book that is worth reading.

　　→This is a book worth reading. 这是一本值得看的书。

　　（2）定语从句简化为现在分词或现在分词短语作前置或后置定语。

　　The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.

　　→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.

　　站在树下面的那个人是我们的英语老师。

　　I saw the house that was burning at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.

　　当时我看到那房子在燃烧。

　　（3）定语从句简化为过去分词短语作后置定语。

　　I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜欢看张艺谋导演的电影。

　　She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校会上受表彰的那个女孩。

　　（4）定语从句简化为不定式作后置定语。

　　He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他总是第一个到校。

　　The report which will be given tomorrow is important to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的报告对我们很重要。

　　（5）定语从句简化为what 从句。

　　I couldn't remember the words that he said.→I couldn't remember what he said.

　　我记不得他说的话。

　　【典型例题解析】

　　例 1 The second book ______I want to read is Business @ the Speed of Thought.

　　A. which B. what C. that D. as

　　解析先行词 book被序数词修饰时要用that引导定语从句，故选C。

　　例 2 I'll never forget the days _____I stayed with you.

　　A. when B. in which C. that D. for which

　　解析本题指时间，故选 A。

　　例 3 The book______ is sold out at the moment.

　　A. you need B. what you need

　　C. which you need it D. that you need it

　　解析 B、C、D中的what和it与先行The book相抵触，故选 A。

　　例 4 Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived.

　　A. that B. which C. where D. when

　　解析本题指地点，故选 C。

　　例 5 I'm one of the boys _________ never late for school.

　　A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is

　　解析本题中 who用作主语，谓语动词与先行词the boys保持一致，故选B。

　　【选讲例题】

　　例 6 Her sister,______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.

　　A. whom B. that C. which D. who is

　　解析非限制性定语从句中，关系代词用 which,不用that,但指人时用who或whom.故选A。

　　例 7 These book are for students _____ mother language is not English.

　　A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose

　　解析 whose引导的定语从句中,whose用作定语，故选D。

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