大学定语从句
大学定语从句:
定语从句是在句中起形容词作用的句子,通常修饰它前面的名词或代词。
重点要求:
1.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别和结构特点。
2.关系代词who, which, that, whose,whom引导定语从句时的使用特点。
3.关系副词when, where, why 引导定语从句时的使用特点。
4.as引导定语从句的使用。
定语从句在句中起定语作用,修饰某一名词或代词。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词后面。引导定语从句的关系代词,指人的有who、whom、that、whose,指物的有which、that、whose。
定语从句分为两类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句是主句中的先行词不可缺少的定语,不可用逗号分开。
非限制性定语从句只对主句中的先行词作附加说明,关系不密切,主句与从句之间用逗号分开,不能用that连接。例:
I have a sister who works in a bank.限制性定语从句(我有一个在银行工作的姐姐。)
I have a sister, who works in a bank.非限制性定语从句(我有一个姐姐,在银行工作。)
关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语。例:Edison is a great inventor (whose) fame is world-wide.
关系代词that和which都可以指物,但先行词为不定代词以及先行词被序数词或最高级形容词修饰时用that。
引导定语从句的关系副词有when、where、why。例:
The day (when) I helped the old man out was a very happy one for me.
The reason (why) the gamblers lose in the end is that they are dishonest.
关系副词的.先行词总是表示时间、地点或理由的名词。
As引导的定语从句
(1) as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句,并在从句中作定语、表语或状语,构成the same…as,such…as等结构。例:I like the same book as you do.I want to do it in the same way as you did.
(2) as引导非限制性定语从句。as在定语从句中作主语,表语或宾语,这个定语从句说明整个句子,它可以放在主句之前。例:As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.
复习时需注意的要点:
1、关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致.
2、关系代词whom, which, that 在限制性定语从句中作动词宾语或介词宾语,而该介词又位于从句末尾时,经常省略,但as一般不省略.
3、关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中不能放在句首,as既能在句首也能在句中。
4、that在定语从句中可以指人或物,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语,但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语。
5、先行词表示地点时,有时用where,有时用that,which来引导定语从句,这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物还是不及物,是及物的就用that(which),否则用 where。
例:This is the factory where we worked last year.This is the factory that (which) we visited.
that与which都做定语从句的关系代词,其用法有如下区别:
1.先行词是不定代词:all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等,只能用that。例:That’s all (that) I want to say. 这就是我想要说的。
2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,只能用that。例:This is the most exciting film (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最动人的电影。
3.先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时,只能用that。例:He is the only person that attended the meeting. 他是唯一参加那个会议的人。
4.that在定语从句中可以指人或物,而which只能指物。例:
The letter that/which I received was from my father. 我收到的信是我父亲写的。
The girl that was playing basketball was my younger sister.打篮球的那个女孩是我妹妹。
5.先行词是moment,time,way,speed等词时用that,此时其在从句中起状语作用。例:It was the first time that (= when) Mark had been late for class. 这是马克第一次上课迟到。
6.先行词中既有人又有物,只能用that。例:The people and supplies that belongs to Company 9 should come to bridge before 9 p.m. 九连的人员和装备应该在晚上9点以前到达大桥。
7.非限定性定语从句关系代词用which,而不用that。例:The basketball, which was bought last week, was leaking air. 上周买的那个篮球漏气了。
8.在引导非限定性定语从句时,which还可以代表前面整个句子或其部分意思。例:He has to work on Sundays, which is bitter for him. 他不得不在周日工作,这是令他痛苦的事。
9.在关系代词前使用介词时只能用which,不能用that。例:The train on which she was traveling was late. 她所乘坐的火车晚点了。
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