非限制性定语从句who
非限制性定语从句也是定语从句的一种,在高中语法知识中它也是非常重要的一项的,老师们对于非限定性定语从句的讲解也是非常重视的。以下是小编整理的非限制性定语从句who,欢迎阅读。
说到非限定性定语从句的讲解,还要分成不同的部分,首先大家要知道就得就是该从句的作用是什么。其实它在句子中是一个独立的成分,不会受到主句的限制,把从句去掉之后,主句仍然是成立的。这也是为什么它会叫做非限定性定语从句。其次,大家要了解该从句的形式:非限制性定语从句与先行词以及主句之间的关系不甚紧密,因而通常要用逗号与主句分隔开。例如:
Have you seen the film Titanic,whose leading actor is world famous?
你看过“泰坦尼克号”这部电影吗?它的男主演可是世界闻名的。
My friend,who has served on the International Olympic Committee all his life,is retiring next month.
我有位朋友,他一辈子服务于国际奥林匹克委员会,下个月就要退休了。
在非限制性定语从句也分成不同的种类,在不同情况下,该从句的使用方法也是不一样的,在考试中经常会考察大家对于该从句不同类型的运用。如果大家不能很好的掌握这些用法,在考试的时候就一定会丢分了,下面就是关于该从句不同类型的介绍:
(1) who引导的非限制性定语从句
Our guide,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.我们的向导,一个法裔加拿大人,擅长于烹调。
My gardener,who is very pessimistic,says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观,他说今年将不结苹果。
(2) whom引导的非限制性定语从句
关系代词whom用于指人,在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语,作介词宾语时,介词可位于句末。如:
Peter,whom you met in London,is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了,你在伦敦见过他。
Mr Smith,from whom I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家,我从他那儿学了许多东西。
(3) whose引导的非限制性定语从句
whose是关系代词who的所有格形式,在从句中作定语。whose通常指人,也可指动物或无生命的事物。如:
The boy,whose father is an engineer,studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力,他的父亲是位工程师。
Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在树林的高处是山,其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。The play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品,风格拘谨刻板。
(4) which引导的非限制性定语从句
关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句,在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。
① which指代主句中的名词,被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如:
These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过果实。
She is an artist,which I am not.她是一位艺术家,而我不是。
Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。
The two policemen were completely trusted,which in fact they were.那两个警察完全受到信任,事实上,也真是如此。
② which指代主句中的形容词。如:
She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。
She is always careless,which we should not be. 她总是马虎大意,我们可不应该这样。
③ which指代主句中的某个从句。如:
He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.他说以前从没见过她,这不是真的。
④ which指代整个主句。如:
In the presence of so many people he was little tense,which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有点紧张,这是可以理解的。
He may have acute appendicitis,in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲肠炎,如果是这样,他就得动手术。
When deeply absorbed in work,which he often was,he would forget all about eating and sleeping. 他经常聚精会神地工作,这时他会废寝忘食。
(5) when引导的非限制性定语从句
关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语,指代主句中表示时间的词语。如:
He will put off the picnic until May 1st,when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到5月1号,那时他将有空。
(6) where引导的非限制性定语从句
关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语,指代主句中表示地点的词语。如:
They went to London,where they lived for six months.他们去了伦敦,在那儿呆了六个月的时间。
They reached there yesterday,where a negotiation of sale will be held.他们昨天抵达那里,有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。
(7) as引导的非限制性定语从句
as引出非限定性定语从句时,代替整个主句,对其进行说明但通常用于像as we allaknow,as it is know,as is know to all,as it is,as is said above,as always mentioned above,as is usual,as is often the case,as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,且引出的从句位置比较灵活,可位于句首或句末,也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……, 就像……”之意。 如:
As it known to the United States,Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道,马克?吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。(as在从句中作主语)
He forgot to bring his pen with him,as was often the case. 他忘了带笔,这是常事。(as在从句中作主语)
He is absorbed in work,as he often was. 他正在全神贯注地工作,他过去经常这样。(as在从句中作表语)
Boy as he was, he was chosen king. 他虽是孩子,却被选为国王。(as在从句中作表语)
as we all know,the earth is round.众所周知,地球是圆的。 (as在从句中作宾语)
The two brothers were satisfied with this decision,as was agreed beforehand.两兄弟对此决定都满意,这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。(as在从句中作主语)
is,as you know,an inseparable part of China.你知道,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(as在从句中作宾语)
(8)“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句
在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词,而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。
They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines,without which the yield would be halved. 他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿,没有它们产量会减少一半。
They thanked Tom,without whose support they would not have succeeded.这些邻居是北京来的,昨天我被介绍同他们认识了。
(9)“名词/代词+of+which / whom”引导的非限制性定语从句
It now has 20,000 hectares of land,more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation. 现在它拥有两万公顷土地,其中三分之二之多已经耕种。
Light is the fast thing in the world,the speed of which is 300.000 kilometeThere are 30 chairs in the small hall,most of which are new.大厅里有三十把椅子,绝大部分是新的。
he textile mill has over 8,000 workers and staff,eighty per cent of whom are women. 这家纺织厂有8千多职工,女职工占百分之八十。
通过对该从句的讲解,大家可以看出,它的种类真的是非常多,不同的词语引导的'从句用法都是不同的,大家要学会区分不同用法所表示的含义。虽然该从句在选择题中考察的非常多,但是大家在阅读题中也会看见这样的从句,所以说,大家学习语法知识并不只是为了语法的题目,它对于大家整个英语水平的提升都是非常有帮助的。除此之外大家还要注意一些非限制性定语从句引导词的特殊情况:
1.非限制性定语从句不可用that引导, 在非限制性定语从句中用who(作主语) / whom(作宾语)指人,用which(作主语 / 宾语)指物, 用whose作定语(指人 / 物)。例如:
The famous basketball star,who tried to make a comeback,attracted a lot of attention.
这位试图打反击的著名篮球明星吸引了众人的关注。
The film,whose director is an old man,is very instructive.
这部电影很有教育意义, 它的导演是位老人。
2.关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可省略,若指人时,只用whom,不用who。例如:
York,which I visited last year,is a nice old city.
我去年访问过的约克是个古老而美丽的城市。
Please give the book to Jessica,whom we met in the hall just now.
请把这本书交给杰西卡,就是刚才我们在大厅里遇到的那位。
3.非限制性定语从句不可用why引导, 需用for which替代why。例如:
None of us accepted the reason he explained,for which he was absent.
我们没有一个人接受他所解释的缺席的理由。
扩展:非限制性定语从句as
1. as可以放在主句前后,也可插入主句之中;而which引导的非限制性从句只能位于主句之后。
As is known to all,fish can’t live without water.
Air,as we know,is gas.
2.在非限制性从句中,which后的be动词不可省;as而后的be动词可以省略。
She told me she won the match,which was a lie.
The material is elastic,as (was) shown in the figure.
3. which在非限制性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语;而as做主语时,谓语常用系动词,如be,seem,become等,一般不用其他行为动词。
He saw the girl,which delighted him.
He didn’t say anything at the meeting ,as/which seemed very strange.
4. as常用“正如”含义,常用的结构有as we know(众所周知);as often happens(正如常发生的那样);as is often the case(情况常常如此); as we all can see(正如我们看到的); be announced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/
reported等。这些结构常放句首,偶尔也可以放句中或句末。
As is known to all,China is a developing country.
Kate was late for school,as often happened.
更多知识
限制性定语从句:
即非限定性定语从句,起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解,在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开,如若将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间,其前后都需要用逗号隔开。由as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
使用规则及注意事项:
1、which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。
2、as有时也可用作关系代词 。
as引导非限制性定语从句,若as在从句中作主语,其引导的句子可以放在句首,也可以放在句中。但which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放句中。
例句:
As is reported in the newspaper,some artistic treasures (艺术珍品) will be on show at the exhibition on the weekend.
3、在非限定性定语从句中,关系词不能用that。
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句有四大区别:
在句中作用不同
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。
如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。
外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
例1.
Do you remember the girl who taught us English?
你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?
例2.
Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.
钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。
例3.
This is the place where he used to live.
这就是他过去居住的地方。
例4.
Mr. Zhang,who came to see me yesterday,is an old friend of mine.
张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。
例5.
We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.
我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。
析:在前三个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
先行词内容有所不同
大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。
例 1.
A middle-aged woman killed her husband,which frightened me very much.
一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。
析:由语境可知,令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导定语从句。
例 2.
A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages,which surprises all the people present.
一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语,这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。
析:由语境可知,令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。
关系词的使用情况有所不同
①that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但that不可。
例 1.
他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。
误:He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday,that pleased her a lot.
正:He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday,which pleased her a lot.
例 2.
他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。
误: He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me.
正: He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me.
值得注意的是,不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。
使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用 who ,whose 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when , where 引导非限制性定语从句。
例1.
We'll graduate in July,when we will be free.
我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了。
例 2.
Last Sunday they reached Nanjing,where a conference was to be held.
他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。
②关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ,但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。
例 1.
This is the girl whom I met in the street.这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。
析:先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可用 who 代替 whom.
例 2.
A young man had a new girl friend,whom he wanted to impress.
一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下深刻的印象。
析:先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用 who 代替 whom.
在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/ whom ,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,不可用 that 代替 who/whom .
例:她有一个姐姐,她是教师。
误:She has a sister,that is a teacher.
正:She has a sister,who is teacher.
③关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。
例 1.
This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.
这就是他昨天丢的那本书。
析: 先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。
例 2.
The book,which he lost yesterday, has been found.
他昨天丢了这本书,但现在已找到了。
析:先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 不可省。
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