四六级阅读理解高分技巧

　　真题举例：四六级阅读理解通用高分技能(3)

　　短文主题的归纳

　　①Proponents of father-attended childbirth assert that the father’s experience encourages him to develop a closer bond with his child…

四六级阅读理解高分技巧

　　②As a father of three teenagers from a previous marriage, one man compared his past experience as a new father to being in the delivery room during the birth of his newborn daughter…

　　③ Women report that they are much less anxious and more aware of what is going on when their husbands are with them when they give birth…

　　A) The Father-Daughter Relationship

　　B) Baby’s First View of Life

　　C) Dad in the Delivery Room

　　文章共三段，分别给出了各段的主题句。第一段谈赞成女子分娩时丈夫陪在其身边的观点并认为这一经历有利于将来父子关系的发展；第二段从男子的角度谈妻子分娩时陪在其身边的感受；第三段则从女子自身的角度提到分娩时有丈夫在身边会感到踏实、放心。通过对三段主题句的综合概括，全文共同讨论的是：女子分娩时要不要未来的父亲候在产房，因此答案为C。

　　推理

　　阅读除了需要理解文章的字面语义外，更需要透过字里行间领悟言外之意及作者的语气、态度，这就要求读者具有一定的推理能力。推理的前提就是阅读到的有关文字——可能是短语或句子或整个段落甚至整篇短文。读者必须由表及里、由此及彼，从字里行间悟出合乎作者本意的言外之意。推理的结果应是既来自于字里行间、又高于字里行间；既符合原文实际内涵，又超越实际内涵；既基于已知事实，又不仅仅是已知事实。

　　正确的推理要求：

　　1?忠于原文，切忌用自己的观点取代作者原意；

　　2?注意作者遣词造句的特点和倾向，客观推测作者立场、观点和写作意图；

　　3?由同一已知事实可推出不止一个正确的结论。

　　例：Apart from the obvious fact that rioters tend to come from the less well-off section of the community, there is no evidence that economic circumstances have any causal relationship with street violence.

　　A) There is some evidence for relating economic circumstances to street violence.

　　B) Not all the people in the community referred to are poor.

　　C) There is no evidence that economic circumstances result from street viloence.

　　D) All rioters come from the poorer section of the community.

　　本例中，只有A可由原文推知，其中Apart from所引述的正是经济环境与暴力的一种相关性；C否定了这一相关性，故与原文相悖；D与原句中“rioters tend to come from…”的原意不符：“往往”不等于“总是”；B则是原文第一部分的重述，不属推论。

　　阅读理解除了要求正确理解事实细节的能力外，还经常需要考生根据一定上下文对某些词汇的意义进行推断、根据所读材料理解文章隐含的意义和深层次的含义、归纳文章主题思想、通过概括得出结论、综合判断作者态度等，这就要求考生具备相应的阅读理解微技能，与四级考试密切相关的一些微技能包括词汇的理解、预测、判断、归纳和推理。

　　词汇的理解

　　对于阅读中碰到的生僻词，我们首先要学会识别哪些情况下即使不了解词义也不影响对短文的理解；其次是转变对生僻词义认识上的态度，即在许多情况下不必了解该词的确切意义，尤其没有必要了解它在英汉辞典中的中文释义，而只需对该词词义的大概而笼统的理解就行。实践中，在确定了短文中哪些生僻词的词义有必要作一大概了解后，我们可以从以下两个角度来猜度词义：

　　(1) 构词知识

　　即利用单词的构词要素词根，前后缀来识记单词。

　　词根是一个单词的根本部分，代表词的基本意义；前缀是加在词根或单词前面的部分，通常也有一定含义；后缀是加在词根或单词后面的部分，通常在增加词义的同时还改变词性。通过词根词缀构词的方式有多种，现简单归纳如下：

　　①前缀+词根：inter?(中间)+vene→intervene(介入)

　　②词根+后缀：circl(圆)+?let(小)→circlet(小环)

　　③词根+词根：tele?(远)+scope(镜)→telescope(望远镜)

　　④前缀+词根+后缀：in?(不)+aud(听)+?ible(可)→inaudible(听不见)

　　⑤双前缀+词根：re?(再)+dis?(取下)+cover(盖)→rediscover(再发现)

　　⑥词根+双后缀：care(用心)+?less(不)+?ly(地)→carelessly(不小心地)

　　⑦前缀+双词根：tri?(三)+gono(角)+metry(测量)→trigonometry(三角几何)

　　⑧双词根+后缀：biblio(书)+phil(爱)+?ist(人)→bibliophilist(书籍爱好者)

　　⑨双前缀+词根+后缀：ir?(不)+re?(反对)+sist(站)+?ible→irresistible(不可抵抗的)

　　前缀+词根+双后缀：se?(离)+greg(群)+?ation+?ist→segregationist(种族隔离主义者)

　　双前缀+词根+双后缀：un?(不)+pre?(先)+ced(走)+?ent+?ed→unprecedented(史无前例的)

　　(2) 上下文线索

　　利用上下文线索猜测词义的方法很多，但其核心是寻找与该生僻词相关的上下文意义线索，这些线索主要可归纳为以下几种：

　　①同义定义为了便于读者理解作者本义，作者有时会对文中的生僻词或专业性较强的词直接给出定义。在下定义时，作者常使用一些信号词，如：is/are(called)，means，can be defined as，refer to，is/are known as，signify等，例：

　　Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true.

　　或标点符号，如——，()等，例：

　　Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.

　　有时，作者用同位语形式或连词or给出定义，例：

　　Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates, “hollow?gutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.

　　Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big，complex types of brain——the types we find among the vertebrates，or backboned animals.

　　②近义复述同一短文中上下毗邻的句子通常有互释作用，我们可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词相关的信息来猜度词义。例：

　　Mr. and Mrs. Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nine years before they got married.

　　Although he often had the opportunity，Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank，and he did not want to jeopardize his future.

　　③反义对照在表示对照的上下文中，常包含有意义相反的词语或概念，这些意义相反的概念可以互为线索，帮助我们猜度词义。常有以下一些信号词：although，but，however，though，whereas，while， yet，on the contrary，on the other hand等。

　　例：Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild use simple objects as tools，but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.

　　Most dentists-offices are drab places，while Emilio’s new office is a bright，cheerful place.

　　④搭配集合利用词与词的搭配或该词所出现的语境，我们也能推知词义的大概轮廓。例：

　　People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket(套，壳) of the radiator.

　　A man is watering his lawn just as an attractive，well dressed girl walked by. As he ogles her，he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly，dowdy wife.

　　⑤比较举例上下文中的比较和举例，能揭示比较物或列举物之间的`共性，我们可根据这些共性来推知有关词语的意思。例：

　　The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area.

　　Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.

　　⑥因果时间因与果、时间的先与后都是事物发展变化过程中的必然关系，在利用上下文推测词义时，这些关系也至关重要。例：

　　Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.

　　When Mark was in pedantic mood，he assumed the manner of a famous professor and gave long lectures on boring, insignificant topics.

　　⑦常识包括我们的生活经历、经验常识以及自己专业方面的知识，在阅读到与自己专业相近的文章时，我们都会感到相对容易，这正是我们的专业知识在帮我们理解。例：

　　An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity.

　　An atomic clock is so precise that it can be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein’s relativity theories.

　　专家谈如何面对英语六级的阅读理解

　　一、考生感觉6级阅读的难点及原因：

　　1、生词较多

　　许多同学感觉6级阅读中生词较多，阅读时不得不花费大量的时间和精力去理解文章中出现的生词。确实，词汇量是任何英文阅读（特别是像6级这样的高级英文阅读）的基础。但我认为6级单词相对于4级仅多了1200个。如果考生能充分掌握4级词汇，文章中出现的所谓的生词是不应该成为我们阅读的拦路虎。我们知道任何文章段落与段落或句子与句子之间都会有逻辑联系。句子中词的作用（尤其是形容词、副词或连词）就在于体现某种逻辑关系。考生完全可以通过体会句子与句子之间的逻辑关系猜出或体会出某种生词的指向范围或大致含义。因为6级考试阅读文章并不要求对“生词”释义的精确掌握——我们的目的是了解文章或句子大意。所以，只要达到这种效果我们就能掌握文章或句子的大致内容，完全符合考试大纲的要求。

　　2、难句看不懂

　　6级四篇阅读文章中必定会出现一些难句。也许难句中的每一个词考生都能看懂，但是整个句子却无法把握其含义。就其原因在于中国同学欠缺两方面的英文阅读能力：1、缺乏对英文语言表达思维习惯的适应；2、不能抓住难句的句子主干。首先，英文的语言表达思维习惯与中文有较大的区别。中文习惯主、谓、宾的句子结构；英文中却存在大量的倒状结构，再加上繁杂的插入语等复杂的语言现象对于习惯将英文翻译成中文后理解英文的中国考生而言无法对入中文的理解习惯，自然无法理解句子的含义。其次，无法从复杂的从句套从句语法结构中判断出句子主干同样会导致无法对入相应的中文语言习惯而最终使考生无法把握句子含义。

　　3、无法判断句子隐含意思

　　我们知道6级文章要求考生对原文的信息进行推断。换言之，就是从文章的原话中无法知道考生需要知道的信息。我认为这是源于考生在平时训练6级考试时往往忽略对文章推理方法的熟悉而导致的。任何隐含信息的推出都是基于原文提供的信息进行相应的逻辑推理得出的。考生如果不能进行有效的逻辑推理要么无法得出隐含信息，要么就会选错方向而落入命题者的陷阱中。

　　4、时间不够

　　我们知道6级阅读文章要在35分钟内读完4篇文章并且做5道题目，考生如感觉时间不够的原因无外乎三个原因：1、花在文章阅读的时间太长；2、无法快速地定位选项在文章中的定位（表现在不得不从新阅读、浏览全文或某个文章段落）；3、无法快速、准确的从四个备选项中判断出正确选项（表现在犹豫不决）。

　　二、如何准备6级阅读：

　　1、扩充词汇量

　　虽然6级词汇（特别是生词）在文章中能够猜出，但仍不能忽视平时词汇量的积累。我并不主张背单词书（效果级差，尤其对那些恒心、毅力不强的考生）。我认为考生应当首先扩充自己的阅读量——多找一些与6级阅读文章难度相当的文章。考生如果在文章中发现生词不必急于查找字典，而应体会生词在文章中的作用，达到熟悉如何在出现生词状态下去了解文章；最后再利用字典掌握生词的准确释义并通过其在文章句子中的作用去记忆生词的意思。当然，这需要一个不断循环往复的阅读过程。

　　2、熟悉6级阅读文章常用的语法现象

　　这个过程其实与我们幼年时学习中文的过程类似。无非是在阅读时体会、熟悉英文的表达习惯并建立一种对各类语法现象的条件反射。只准备参加6级考试的同学只需将历年6级的真题认真做完即可，最多再阅读一些考研文章。而将来准备参加更高等级英文考试的同学则需要多读一些具有说理性较强的英文文章。

　　3、熟悉6级文章推理思路

　　也就是希望大家在提高自己英文阅读能力的同时，注意提高自己的逻辑分析和判断能力。当然，并不是让大家去学纯逻辑学，而是学会通过6级文章的结构和英文的逻辑关联词判断出文章的潜台词。具我所知，目前南京新东方6级班的阅读课上就教考生如何分析文章结构和如何根据逻辑关联词判断文章隐含意。

　　4、学会对6级不同考试题目的理解：

　　不同的题目的指向是不同的，同时对考生的思维方向的要求是不同的。比如，考文章大意的题目实际上是考大家的归纳推理能力，而考细节的题目更多的是考察同学的英语阅读能力。有的题目只需在原文中找到相关定位即可，有的题目则要求我们对全文或者某一段落的内容全面掌握。我建议大家平时复习时可以自己去归纳总结或体会不同题目的不同做法。当然，现在也有很多培训机构会给同学们分类，大家也可以不妨试试（但是要结合自己的情况）。

　　真题举例：四六级阅读理解通用高分技能（2）

　　预测

　　在对付难文的阅读时，一定要善于在理解已知信息的基础上对随之可能出现的信息进行积极预测。预测时，应学会借助主题句、关联词语等篇章信息来提高预测的准确性。如，有一篇短文以这样一句开头：

　　Many people believe the glare from snow causes snowblindness. Yet…这里根据表示转折的关联词Yet，预测到下面可能出现的是主题句，又必然要否定本句中许多人的观点，即snowblindness(雪盲)可能由 glare from snow以外的其它原因引起。原文紧接着的是：Yet，dark glasses or not，they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes，and even snowblindness，when exposed to several hours of “snow light”.

　　据此主题，我们可以比较有把握地预测到下文将着墨于引起“雪盲”的真正原因，原文如下：

　　The United States Army has now determined that glare from snow does not cause snowblindness in troops in a snow-covered country. Rather，a man’s eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad expanse of barren snow-covered terrain. So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of something to look at. Finding nothing hour after hour，the eyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache. Nature offsets this irritation by producing more and more fluid which covers the eyeball. The fluid covers the eyeball in increasing quantity until vision blurs，then is obscured，and the result is total，even though temporary，snowblindness.

　　但预测不一定总是正确，它需要在继续阅读中予以肯定、否定或修正。上例中下文的内容与预测相近，表示理解过程正确。如预测与下文不一致，则可能：①对前面内容的理解有偏差；②据以预测的那部分语言信息可能有多种不同理解，因而可据以作出多种不同的预测。

　　预测有顺向预测和逆向预测两种，上面提到的为顺向预测。所谓逆向预测，实为预测的一种特殊形式，应用于已知下文要推知上文的场合。阅读中积极运用顺向和逆向预测，除了上面谈到的能提高对文章的理解深度外，还可帮助我们读懂本来难以读懂的章节。

　　判断

　　在阅读中，我们有时需要对文章内容的正误作出判断，有时需要借助上下文对个别词语的大意作出判断，有时需要根据关联，对上下文进行预测性判断，有时需要在综合分析的基础上，通过判断得出结论，有时还需要对作者语气态度、思想倾向等等作出判断。判断贯穿于阅读的全过程，也渗透在各种阅读微技能中。例：

　　(1) 判断推测句中omnivorous一词的大意

　　She has a wide interest and is an omnivorous reader.

　　根据句中她“兴趣广”这一上文和被修饰的reader一词，可大概判断omnivorous具有“兴趣广、什么书都喜欢读”等含义。

　　(2) 根据前文，判断下文

　　Laziness is a sin, everyone knows that. Nevertheless…

　　A) laziness can actually be helpful

　　B) laziness is a sign of mental illness

　　C) laziness is immoral and wasteful

　　D) you must be careful when you see someone lazy

　　根据第一分句的语义倾向和Nevertheless一词，我们可得出这样的判断，即下文要谈的内容必然与之相反，即谈论Laziness也有其有利、肯定的一面，故A最有可能。

　　(3) 判断作者观点

　　Which of the following statements was written by someone who prefers small cars to large ones?

　　A) Their excellent gas mileage and even their improved interior design notwithstanding，today’s compact cars simply fail to provide the feel a traditional motorist yearns for.

　　B) They lack some of the size and even the character of the full-sized autos we were accustomed to; but today’s compacts more than make up for this with their excellent gas mileage.

　　本题要求我们对A、B中哪种观点赞成小汽车作出判断。A句中主句对小汽车予以否定，句首对小汽车的肯定性陈述又被notwithstanding一词否定。答案是B，第一分句讲到小汽车的缺陷：缺乏大汽车的空间和气派；第二分句则认为小汽车的紧凑及其优秀的低耗油特征能远远弥补上述不足，前面以转折连词将作者观点转向第二分句。

　　归纳

　　归纳是一种由特殊(个别)到一般的概括，从阅读理解角度说，所谓个别即具体细节，所谓一般即章节段落的大意或主题，归纳是由特殊细节推向一般主题的概括过程。我们可以借助词的上下义关系来领会掌握并运用归纳这一方法。

　　(1) 句子的归纳

　　A) Microwave ovens have eliminated many of the inconveniences previously associated with the preparation of meals.

　　B) Many foods can go directly from the freezer to the microwave oven without being defrosted.

　　C) Many microwave ovens can be pre-set to cook food while you are away from the kitchen.

　　D) The microwave oven has greatly reduced the amount of time it takes to cook a meal.

　　题中四句话都提到微波炉的好处，其中B、C、D 分别从方便、解冻、定时三个不同的方面具体讲述微波炉不同于传统炊具的优势，而A则从整体上覆盖了上述三句的内容，故A是对B、C、D的概括，上述分析、寻找最具概括意义之选项的过程即为归纳过程。推而广之，我们可用之于段落和短文主题的归纳。

　　(2) 段落大意的归纳

　　Although most universities in the United States are run on a semester system, which offers classes in the fall and spring, some schools observe a quarter system comprised of fall, winter, spring, and summer quarters. The academic year, September to June, is divided into three quarters of eleven weeks each beginning in September, January, and March, the summer quarter, June to August is composed of shorter sessions of varying length. Students may take advantage of the opportunity to study year around by enrolling in all four quarters, Most students begin their programs in the fall quarter, but they may enter at the beginning of any of the other quarters.

　　A) Universities in the United States

　　B) The Academic Year

　　C) The Quarter System

　　D) The Semester System

　　本段由四个句子组成，各句大意分别为：1)有些学校实行四学期制；2)学年从9月至下年7月，前三个学期各长11周，夏季学期最短；3)学生可于任何学期注册入学；4)但大多数学生秋季入学。通过上述四句大意的归纳，可知本段落主要讲述美国大学的一种学期制，即Quarter System，答案为C。

　　王长喜-六级考试标准阅读(57)

　　The establishment of the Third Reich influence events in American history by starting a chain of event， which culminated in war between Germany and the United states. The complete destruction of democracy， the persecution of Jew， the war on religion， the cruelty and barbarism of the Nazis， and especially， the plans of Germany and her allies， Italy and Japan， for world conquest caused great indignation in this country and brought on fear of another world war. While speaking out against Hitler‘s atrocities， the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality. The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 prohibited trade with any belligerents or loans to them. In 1937 the President was empowered to declare an arms embargo（禁运）in wars between nations at his discretion.

　　American opinion began to change somewhat after president Roosevelt‘s “quarantine the aggressor” speech at Chicago （1937） in which he severely criticized Hitler’s policies. Germany‘s seizure of Austria and the Munich Pact for the partition of Czechoslovakia （1938） also aroused the American people. The conquest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 was another rude awakening to the menace of the Third Reich. In August 1939 came the shock of Nazi-Soviet Pact and in September the attack on Poland， the outbreak of European war. The United States attempted to maintain neutrality in spite of sympathy for the democracies arrayed against the Third Reich. The Neutrality Act of 1939 repealed the arms embargo and permitted “cash and carry” exports of arms to belligerent nations. A strong national defense program was begun. A draft act was passed （1940） to strengthen the military service. A Lend Lease Act （1941） authorized the President to sell， exchange， or lend materials to any country deemed necessary by him for the defense of the United States. Help was given to Britain by exchanging certain overage destroyers for the right to establish American bases in British territory in the Western Hemisphere. In August 1941， President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met and issued the Atlantic Charter that proclaimed the kind of a world which should be established after the war. In December 1941， Japan launched the unprovoked attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor. Immediately thereafter， Germany declared war on the United States.

　　1.One item occurring before 1937 that the author does not mention in his list of actions that alienated the American public was ___.

　　A.Nazi barbarism

　　B.The pacts with Italy

　　C.German plans for conquest

　　D.The burning of the Reichstag

　　2.The Neutrality Act of 1939 ___.

　　A.restated America‘s isolationist policies

　　B.proclaimed American neutrality

　　C.permitted the selling of arms to belligerent nations

　　D.was a cause of our entrance into World War Ⅱ

　　3.An event that did not occur in 1939 was the ___.

　　A.invasion of Poland

　　B.invasion of Czechoslovakia

　　C.passing of the Neutrality Act

　　D.establishment of the University of Leipzig in Germany

　　4.The Lend Lease Act was blueprinted to ___.

　　A.strengthen our national defense

　　B.provide battleships to the Allies

　　C.help the British

　　D.promote the Atlantic Charter

　　5.The Neutrality Act of 1939 favored Great Britain because ___.

　　A.the British had command of the sea

　　B.the law permitted us to trade only with the Allies

　　C.it antagonized Japan

　　D.it led to the Lend Lease Act

　　答案：DCDAA

　　王长喜-六级考试标准阅读(55)

　　Culture is the total sum of all the traditions， customs， beliefs， and ways of life of a given group og human beings. In this sense， every group has a culture， however savage， undeveloped， or uncivilized it may seem to us.

　　To the professional anthropologist， there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another， just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.

　　People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage， undeveloped forms of speech， consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans， it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are， by our most severe standards， extremely complex， delicate， and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures， which usually fully adequate for all language needs， but only in their vocabularies， which reflects the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department， however， two things are to be noted： 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion， either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward” languages， while different from ours， are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. An accidental language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness （“this” and “that”）； some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker， or to the person addressed， or removed from both， or out of sight， or in the past， or in the future.

　　This study of language， in turn， casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all culture are to be viewed independently， and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.

　　1.the language of uncivilized groups as compared to Western languages are limited in ___.

　　A.sound patterns

　　B.vocabularies

　　C.grammatical structures

　　D.both A and B

　　2.The author says that professional linguists recognize that ___.

　　A.Western languages are superior to Eastern languages

　　B.All languages came from grunts and groans

　　C.The hierarchy of languages is difficult to understand

　　D.There is no hierarchy of languages

　　3.The article states that grunt-and-groan forms of speech are found ___.

　　A.nowhere today