英语四级语法关于现在分词的完成式的讲义
英语四级语法关于现在分词的完成式的讲义
现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中，表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成。
【例如】
Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one.
Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer game.Notshavingsmade adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the excursion till next week.
独立结构中也可以用现在分词的完成形式。
【例如】
His parentsshavingsdied, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.
The guestsshavingsleft, they resumed their discussion.
英语四级语法讲义:不能变为被动结构的主动结构
1)某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词没有被动语态形式。这类动词常见的有：beg，equal，fail，hold，possess，fit，become，contain，cost，fit，have，lack，resemble,(相似)，suit等。
【例如】
This new English-Chinese dictionary cost me ten dollars.
2)某些动词的主动形式表示被动意义，如：cook, read, shut, smell, taste, wash, write, prove.
【例如】
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. The theory proved right after a series of experiments.
英语四级语法讲义:特殊的被动结构
1)带情态动词的`被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
【例如】
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. This instrument must be handled with great care. In this sense, bad things can be turnedsintosgood things.
2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
【例如】
The delegation was given a warm send-off at the airport. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparation.
3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补语”结构变为被动语态时，原句中的宾语补语成为主语补语。能用这种结构的动词有：declare, call, consider, elect, appoint, nominate, find, leave, like, make, prefer, think, want等。
【例如】
She was nominated a member of the council. Professor Smith was appointed the head of the Philosophy Department.
4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to.
【例如】
A stranger was seen to walksintosthe building. She was made to clean the floor.
5)某些感官动词加形容词可以表示被动意义。
【例如】
The dish tastes delicious.The apple smells sweet.
6) It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句，或主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.
【例如】
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam. It was reported that 60% students in the university had passed CET-6.60% students in the university were reported to have passed CET-6.
英语四级语法讲义:被动语态的构成
被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以give为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：一般现在时：am/is/are＋given
【例句】
The first section of New College English is designed for speaking practice and is based on pictures and topics.
一般过去时：was/were＋given
【例句】
These computers were made in our own country.
一般将来时：will/shall be＋given
【例句】
Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?
Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ____to the nation. (CET-4 1996, 6)
A) has left B) is to leave
C) leaves D) is to be left
本句意思为：78岁的Denis先生声明他将把他的大多数收藏品留给国家。所以leave应用一般将来时的被动形式。一般将来时可以用来be to do sth表达，因此答案为D.
过去将来时：would be＋given
【例句】
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
现在进行时：am/is/are being＋given
【例句】
The machine is being repaired in the workshop. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are ____and perfected now. ( CET-4 1996,1)
A) developed B) have developed C) are being developed D) will have been developed
本句测试点是动词的时态和语态。develop和perfect是两个并列的谓语动词，perfect用的是被动形式，develop也应该用被动形式，而且句子的时间状语为now，故develop应用现在进行时的被动语态，答案为C。
过去进行时：was/were being＋given
【例句】
The feast was being prepared when the birds arrived in the sky
现在完成时：has/have been＋given
【例句】
Swift progress has also been made in culture and education.
过去完成时：had been＋given
【例句】
The huge bridge had been damaged before the World WarⅡ.
将来完成时：will/shall have been＋given
【例句】
The book will have been published by the end of next month.
英语四级语法讲义:非谓语动词的被动语态
非谓语动词的各种形式也有被动语态，一般常用的是一般体和完成体的被动语态，如下表：
非谓语动词
被动语态形式
一般
不定式
to be done
动名词
being done
现在分词
being done
完成
不定式
to have been done
动名词
having been done
现在分词
having been done
例如:
It is a great honor for him to have been elected a model worker. (不定式完成体的被动语态)This new teaching method has the advantage ofshavingsbeen tried a number of times by experienced teachers. (动名词完成体的被动语态）
英语四级语法讲义:短语动词的被动语态
有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
【例如】
The meeting is to be put off till Friday. Women were looked down upon in the past in China. The out of date teaching method must be done away with. Don't worry, everything will be attended to in good time. The poor child was laughed at by his classmates because he failed his exams. The children are taken good care of by the teacher.
这类可用被动语态的“动词＋介词/副词”词组还有：depend on, make use of, bring about, put forward, send for, talk about, bring up, put on, think over, call off等。
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