2017职称英语考试卫生类语法详解
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名词的格式
1、人称代词
英语中,人称代词有主格,宾格和所有格("的格")形式之分,而"的格"又有形容词和名词两种形式,即:I, me, my (mine),/ we, us, our (ours) / he , him, his (his) / she, her, her (hers) / they, them, their (theirs) / you, you, your (yours) / it, it, its (its) 这里就不详细讲解了。记住一点:形容词"的格"永远不能单独使用;名词"的格"永远是单独使用的。
实例:
Come if you like to see ______ painting. ______ very beautiful.
A. your / That's
B. her's / It's
C. hers / That's
D. his / It's
解题思路:根据形式和上述使用原则,B(形式错误),C(hers只能单独使用),故是错的。A逻辑不通,且使用不当,故正确答案只能是D
2、名词的所有格和双重所有格
英语中除了人称代词,其他名词没有主格和宾格之分。表示一个名词"…的"时,称为所有格,即"的格".英语中"的格"一般用介词"of "或名词后加"'"来表示,如:"学校的财产",原则上可以有两种表达方式:the property of the school或 the school's property.但是若用此表达"鲁迅的书" Luxun's book 或a book of Luxun时,便可能出现意义上的混淆,即,也可能是"一本关于鲁迅的`书".因此,若要表示"鲁迅(拥有的)书"时,要表达为a book of Luxun's , 称为"双重所有格",即"of "与 "'"同时使用。
双重所有格除了以上用途外,还表示亲切,如:a friend of my father's比 my father's friend更显亲切。
解题思路:考试时如果你实在搞不清,应倾向选择有","的选项,如:
My wife bought me ______ at a ______ shop.
A. a piece of clothes / tailors
B. a new clothing / tailor
C. an article of clothing, tailor's
D. a piece of clothing, tailor's
解题思路:这道题考两个语法点:单位词和所有格。如果考生看不懂这个句子,一般应在C、D中选择,正确答案是C(一件衣服), "一块布"用a piece of cloth
3、反身代词-self /-selves
1) 反身代词-self /-selves不能脱离其主格或宾格单独使用,如不能说: The boss wanted to have a talk with herself.(老板想亲自和她谈谈。)→ The boss (himself) wanted to have a talk with her herself. 实际使用中很少会这样讲话。
2) 注意以下表达方式:
of one's own / to oneself 如:She wants to have a room of her own (to herself) (她想要一间属于自己的房间。)
on one's own 如:She wants to finish it on her own. (她想独立完成这项工作。)
by oneself, 如:She has been living by herself for three years.(她已单身生活了三年。)
引导让步状语从句
状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
引导让步状语从句考点聚焦
(1)although与though可以引导让步状语从句,不能与but连用,但可以与yet连用。
Although they are poor,(yet)they are warm-hearted.
(2)even if或even though引导让步状语从句,表示“即使”,“纵然”,用来使人注意下文所强调内容的性质。
I’ll get there even if(though)I have to sell my house to get enough money to go by air.
(3)no matter后接上who、what、where、how等疑问词,也可以在这类疑问词后面加上ever构成whoever、whatever、wherever、however等。
Don’t trust him, no matter what / whatever he says.
Whoever breaks the law will be published.
No matter how hard the work is, you’d better try to do it well.
(4)as也可以引导让步状语从句。要用倒装。
Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.
Much as I like it, I won’t buy.
Try as he would, he couldn’t lift the heavy box.
动词的非谓语形式:动词不做谓语时的固定形式。
(1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式;其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。
(2)动词不定式:
① 形式:动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是:“wh-疑问词+to+动词原形”。*它的被动形式:“to be +过去分词”。*它的完成形式:“to have +过去分词”。
② 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。
③ 动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如:To help animals is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间)
④ 动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。
[A] 及物动词+不定式一般形式:
谓语动词(vt.) |
+不定式 |
[说明] |
want(想)/try(试图)/decide(决定)/wouldlike(想要)/hope(希望)/love(喜爱)/learn(学会)/afford(提供)/agree(同意)/fail(失败、未能)/mean(意味着)/prefer(宁愿)/wish(希望) |
+to(do) |
(无) |
help(帮助) |
to可以省略 |
|
begin(开始)/start(开始)/hate(憎恨) |
也可跟动名词,意义变化不大 |
|
forget(忘记)/remember(记得)/like(总爱) |
也可跟动名词,意义变化较大 |
如:I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我现在想休息一下)/They began to search the room for the thief.(他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷)/He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜爱在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/When did you learn to speak English?(你什么时候开始学英语的?)/Don't forget to close the door when you leave.(你离开时别忘了关门
[比较] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了关灯。)(没关)/He forgot turning off the light.(他忘记关过灯。)(关了) /Please remember to ring me up.(记得给我打电话。)(还没打电话)/I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了。)(打过电话)
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