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2017年职称英语卫生A阅读理解专项练习
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第一篇
U.S. to Start $3.2 Billion Child Health Study in January
A study that will cost $3.2 billion and last more than two decades to track the health of 100,000 U.S. children from before birth to age 21 will be launched in January, U. S. health officials said on Friday.
Officials from the U. S. government's National Institutes of Health said they hope the study, to be conducted at 105 locations throughout the United States, can help identify early-life influences that affect later development, with the goal of learning new ways to treat or prevent illness.
The study will examine hereditary and environmental factors such as exposure to certain chemicals that affect health.
Researchers will collect genetic and biological samples from people in the study as well as samples from the homes of the women and their babies including air, water, dust and materials used to construct their residences, the NIH said.
Officials said more than $200 million has been spent already and the study is projected to cost $3.2 billion.
"We anticipate that in the long term, what we learn from the study will result in a significant savings in the nation's health care costs," Dr. Duane Alexander, who heads the NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, told reporters.
The study will begin in January when the University of North Carolina and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York start signing up pregnant women whose babies will then be followed to age 21.
Some of the early findings will be about factors behind pre-term birth, which has become more common in recent years, according to Dr. Peter Scheidt of the NIH, who heads the study.
The people taking part will be from rural, urban and suburban areas, from all income and educational levels and from all racial groups, the NIH said.
1.The aim of the study is to find new ways to __________.
A. conduct research
B. track public health
C. prevent or treat illness
D. speed up development
2.Researchers will collect all the following EXCEPT __________.
A. genetic samples from people in the study
B. biological samples from people in the study
C. samples from the homes of the women and their babies
D. samples of air and water from hospitals
3.It is expected that through the study the nation's health care costs __________.
A. will be lowered in the long run
B. will be significantly increased
C. will be more than $200 million
D. will reach $3.2 billion
4.The babies of the participants will be followed__________.
A. throughout their lives
B. for more than two decades
C. from birth to 21 months
D. until they get married
5.Which is NOT true of the people in the study?
A. They'll be from various areas.
B. They'll be from all income levels.
C. They'll be from all educational levels.
D. They'll be from all age groups.
第二篇
Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatones of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.
Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
1.Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?
A. Because they killed off life more easily.
B. Because they were brighter.
C. Because they were larger.
D. Because they were hotter.
2.How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?
A. By estimating how long they lasted.
B. By counting the dinosaurs they killed.
C. By studying the chemical composition of lava.
D. By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.
3.When did dinosaurs become extinct?
A. 300 million years ago.
B. 250 million years ago.
C. 60 million years ago.
D. 65 million years ago.
4. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 concerning dinosaurs?
A. They were killed off by an asteroid.
B. They died of drastic climate change.
C. They were wiped offby a volcanic eruption.
D. The cause of their extinction has remained a controversial issue.
5.What is the main thesis of the article?
A. Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly.
B. Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.
C. Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.
D. It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.
答案与解析
1.c。细节题。题干：研究的目标是发现新的方法来__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第二段，提到了此项研究的goal，即aim，这便是learning new ways to treat or prevent illness。
2.D。细节题。题干：研究者收集了下列东西，除了__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第四段。第四项应该是“参加研究的妇女及其婴儿家中的空气与水等物质”，而不是“医院中的空气与水”。
3.A。细节题。题干：通过研究，国家的医疗费用期望可以__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第六段，即预计从长远的角度讲，此项研究将有利于节约国家卫生保健费用的开支。
4.B。细节题。题干：参与者的婴儿会被跟踪调查__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的倒数第三段，即这些婴儿将从出生前一直被跟踪到21岁。
5.D。细节题。题干：下列关于研究参与者的说法哪一项是不对的?利用题干关键词可以定位到最后一段。前三项在短文的最后一段都有提及，只有第四项是错误的，因为研究对象都是怀孕的妇女，不可能是所有年龄段的人们。
第二篇
1.A。细节题。题干：为什么远古的火山爆发比近期的火山爆发破坏性更大?利用题干关键词可以定位到第一段：古代的火山更具破坏力，不是因为它们更大，而是因为它们释放出的二氧化碳更能轻易地毁灭生命。
2.D。细节题。题干：Wignall是如何计算出远古火山爆发的杀伤力的?利用题干关键词可以定位到第二段。第二段有这样一句话：He calculated the“killing efficiency'’for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion oflife they killed offwith the volume oflava that they produced.(他通过比较火山释放出的熔岩的体积与杀死生命的比例计算这些火山的杀伤力)。
3.D。细节题。题干：恐龙是什么时候灭绝的?利用题干关键词可以定位到第三段。其中有这么一句话：He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago，because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact ofan asteroid.(他没有提及6500万年前恐龙的灭绝，因为许多科学家相信恐龙的灭绝是受一颗小行星的影响)。
4.D。细节题。题干：从第三段还可以推导出有关恐龙的什么样的信息?在讨论第三题的答案时，我们已经注意到了，Wignall没有提6500万年前恐龙的灭绝是否跟火山爆发有关，因为许多科学家相信恐龙的灭绝是受一颗小行星的影响。这就说明，关于恐龙灭绝的原因在科学家之间是有争议的。
5.B。主旨题。问题问的是：文章的主要论点是什么?答案在文章的第一句：Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history(古代火山更具破坏力)。
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