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职称英语备考语法分析
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何谓时、体、态
所谓时是指动作或状态所处的时间。分为过去、现在和将来。以下以我们前面讲过的十大简单句型为主线，系统讲解，进而对此有更深的理解。例：
1.主语+系动词+表语
1). Tom is a college student.
Tom was a college student.
Tom will be a college student.
2 )It is sunny today.
It was sunny yesterday.
It will be sunny tomorrow.
2. S +V+O 主语+谓语+宾语
Tom studies English now.
Tom studied English years ago.
Tom will study English.
3. S+V 主语+谓语
Tom studies hard.
Tom studied hard before.
Tom will study hard in the future.
4. S+V+Oi+Od 主语+谓语+间接宾语+ 直接宾语
Tom gives me a book.
Tom gave me a book.
Tom will give me a book.
5. S+V+O+S 主语+谓语(动词)+宾语+补语
Tom makes me sad.
Tom made me sad.
Tom will make me sad.
6. S+have+O 主语 +have+ 宾语
Tom has many friends.
Tom had many friends.
Tom will have many friends.
7. “there + be …”句型
There are some books on the shelf.
There were some books on the shelf.
There will be some books on the shelf.
8. 比较句型
1) A …than + B (比较级)
Tom is taller than sally.
Tom was taller than sally.
Tom will be taller than sally.
Tom works harder than sally.
Tom worked hard than sally.
Tom will work hader than sally.
2) as…as… (原级比较)
Tom is as tall as sally.
Tom was as tall as sally.
Tom will be as tall as sally.
Tom works as hard as sally.
Tom worked as hard as sally.
Tom will work as hard as sally.
9. “It is + adj形容词 + to do /从句”
It is important to learn English grammar.
It was important to learn Russin grammar.
It will be important to learn Russin grammar.
It is important that we learn English.
It was important that we learnt Russin grammar.
It will be important that we learn Russin grammar[Page]
所谓“体”，是指动作在过去、现在和将来三个不同时间所处的状态。即：常态、进行或完成。那么就有了过去、现在和将来的常态、过去、现在和将来的进行、过去、现在和将来的完成。注意，“体”所表达的主要是对动作的描述，就“主—系—表”结构而言，因为只用来表达静态的事物，所以不存在进行和完成的问题。我们通过以上例句做进一步的说明：
1. 主语+系动词+表语
1). Tom is a college student.
Tom was a college student.
Tom has a college student.
2 )It is sunny today.
It was sunny yesterday.
It has sunny .
2. S +V+O 主语+谓语+宾语
Tom studies English now.
Tom is studying English now.
Tom was studying English at 8:00 yesterday.
Tom has studied English.
3. S+V 主语+谓语
Tom studies hard.
Tom is studiying hard.
Tom was studying hard before.
Tom has studied hard
4. S+V+Oi+Od 主语+谓语+间接宾语+ 直接宾语
Tom gives me a book.
Tom is giving me a book.
Tom was giving me a book at that time.
Tom gave me a book.
Tom has given me a book.
5. S+V+O+S 主语+谓语(动词)+宾语+补语
Tom makes me sad.
Tom made me sad.
Tom is making me sad
Tom has made me sad.
6. S+have+O (主语 +have+ 宾语)
Tom has many friends.
Tom had many friends.
Tom has had many friends.
所谓“态”，是指主被动关系。即动作的执行者和接受者哪个位于动作的前面，动作的执行者位于动作的前面，就构成主动关系。也就是我们前面举的例子。若动作的接受者位于动作的前面，则构成被动态。出现这样不同的语态，是由于表达和强调的需要，或没必要指明动作的执行者。请看例句及语态的变化形式：
一般过去时中的)被动语态
被动语态与主动语态在使用上的区别。
读一读这两个问题并回答。
Who built this bridge?谁修建的这座桥?
Prisoners of war built this bridge in l942.战俘于1942年建的这座桥。
When was this bridge built? 桥是什么时候建的?
This bridge was built in l942.桥是1942年建的。
在第一个问题中我们想知道是谁建了这座桥，在第二个问题中我们想弄清有关桥的一些情况。因此，第一句使用了主动语态，第二句运用了被动语态。
我们也可以讲清是什么人修建的这座桥，用“by十动作执行者”的结构来表示，我们可以说： ，This bridge was built by prisoners of war in 1942.这座桥是战俘于1942年修建的。
仔细地阅读以下几对句子，每对中的第一句话告诉我们‘个人(回答“谁”)，第二句话告诉我们一件事(回答“什么”或“哪一个”)。
Workmen are building a new road outside my house.(Who)工人们正在我的房子外面修一条新路。
A new road is being built outside my house.(则，砒)我的房子外面有一条新路在建设之中。
The newsagent delivers our papers every moming.(Who)每天上午送报人来送我们的报纸。
Our papers are delivered every morning.(What)我们的报纸每天上午送到。
The postman delivered a letter this morning.(Who)今天上午邮递员送来了一封信。
A letter was delivered this morning.(what)今天上午来了一封信。
时态的构成规律
英语通过对动词形式的变化来构成不同的时态和语态。主要是使用be和have作为标识，其构成是有规律的。Be的作用是用来构成进行时和被动语态。Have 用来构成完成时。两者合起来与动词可构成完成时的被动语态完成进行时。看例句(以work, follow为例)：
1)be：
They are working.(现在进行)
They were working.(过去进行)
They will be working.(将来进行)
They are followed. (现在的被动)
They are being followed.(现在进行的被动)
They were being followed.(过去进行的被动)
They will be being followed.(将来进行的被动)
2) have
They have worked.(现在完成)
They had worked.(过去完成)
They will have work.(将来完成)
3) have + be:
They have been working.(现在完成进行)
They had been working. (过去完成进行)
They will have been working.(将来完成进行)
The work has been done. (现在完成被动)
The work had been done. (过去完成被动)
The work will have been done. (将来完成被动)
The work has been being done. (现在完成进行的被动)
The work had been being done (过去完成进行的被动)
时态的比较
1.一般现在时与现在完成时
(1)I come from Shanghai.(上海人)
I have come from Shanghai.(从上海来)
(2)You read very well.(强调能力)
You've read very well.(强调一次刚完成的动作)
(3) I forget.(一时想不起来了)
I have forgotten.(仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了)
(4) The book is written in simple English.(表状态)
The book has been written in simple English.(表动态，已用英语写成)
(5) Every time I see him，he's been reading.(两个动作不可能同时进行).
Every time l have seen him，he's been reading.(强调两个动作同时进行)
(6) He is gone.(强调状态)He has gone.(强调动作和时间)
(7) He won't come till the play begins.(演出开始时)
He won't come till the play has begun.(戏已开始)
(8)AfterI leave school，I'11 go to college.(两个动作紧密相接)
After l have left school，I'll go to college.(强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔)
(9) It is a long time since I saw you last.
It's been a long time since Isaw you last 这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语)
(10) Where are you?(在哪儿) Where have you been?(去了哪儿)
2.一般现在时与现在进行时
(1) He works hard.(强调始终如一) He is working hard.(强调现在)
(2) What do you do?(干什么工作的) What are you doing?(在干什么)
(3) Here comes the bus!(表高兴和欣慰) The bus is coming.(汽车到来的情景)
(4) I forget his name.I'm forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了)
(5) You don't eat much.(强调胃口不大)
You're not eating much.(你怎么不吃呀。)
(6) The match starts at 7 0'clock.(比较固定，不宜改变)
The match is starting at 7 0'clock.(可以改变)
(7) Tom always comes late.Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备)
(8) Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动)
(9) I tell you.(我可以告诉你。)
I'm telling you.(我告诉你吧。有感情色彩)
(10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.(强调下午睡觉)
He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡觉了)
(11) I expect you to phone me.(几乎等于命令)
I'm expecting you to phone me.(婉转)
(12) What do you say?
What are you saying?(你说些什么呀?表说话人惊讶，不满)
(13) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果)
I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me.(强调过程，逐渐感到)
(14) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)
Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)
(15) He always thinks of others.(强调事实)
He's always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)
(16) Whenever I see him，he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后)
Whenever I see him，he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)
(17) I hope you'll give us some advice.(语气直白)
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转)
(18) I must go.(我应该去。)
I must be going.(我该走了。)
(19) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话时没用餐)
We can discuss this while we are eating . (进餐已开始)
It's been a long time since Isaw you last 这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语)
(20) Where are you?(在哪儿) Where have you been?(去了哪儿)
5.过去进行时与一般过去时
(1) I read a book yesterday.(书已看完)
I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)
(2) The guests arrived.(客人已到。)
The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达。)
(3) He woke from a dream.(表示全醒)
He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)
(4) The o1d man died.(已死)
The o1d man was dying.(要死)
(5) John told me about it(告诉我了，我都知道了)
John was telling me about it(跟我谈起过，我想了解更多的事情)
(6) They persuaded me to go along with them。(已经说服)
They were persuading me to go along with them.(还在劝说)
(7)The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实)
The wind was blowing hard all night.(强调风刮个不停)
(8) I expected you.I was expecting you.(客气，表示可能等了很久了)
(9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性)
He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性)
6.一般将来时与现在进行时
(1) Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)
(2) How long will you stay here?(表示意愿)
How long will you be staying here?(表示打算)
(3) She’ll have a baby.(表示肯定)
She's going to have ababy.(表示推测，计划)
(4)I’ll see him this evening.(表示意愿)
I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算，已有安排)
7.一般现在时与一般过去时
(1) Do you wish to see me?
Did you wish to see me?表示婉转，客气
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