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2017中石油职称英语考试模拟题及答案
模拟题一：
痛感反应
1. Of all the bodysenses, pain is perhaps the most vital because it warns of bodily injury andtriggers protective reflexes. But not always.
1. 疼痛也许是身体的感觉之中最重要的，因为它可以警示身体受到的伤害并且引发身体的保护性反射。但情况并非总是如此。
2. Drs. F. R. Fordand Lawson Wilkins of Johns Hopkins Hospitalhave reported cases of persons being born without pain sensibility. A personwho does not feel pain will not jerk his hand away from a flame. He won’t knowhe’s been cut unless he sees his blood. If he gets a cinder in his eye, hewon’t know it is there.
2. 约翰霍普金斯医院(JohnsHopkins Hospital) F • R •福特博士(Drs.F. R. Ford)和劳森•威尔金斯博士(Lawson Wilkins)曾经报告过天生就没有痛感的病例。当触碰到火焰时，没有痛感的人不会把手缩回来，他要看到流血才知道自己受了伤，他甚至感觉不到眼睛里进了灰尘。
3. Normally, such anecessary sensation as pain might be expected to be proportional to the extentof injury. But pain — a very personal experience — is modified by a person’sexperience, heredity, mood, and emotional state.
3. 正常情况下，类似疼痛这样必需的感觉会根据受伤的程度分成不同级别。但是疼痛是非常个人的感受——它会根据经验、遗传、心情甚至兴奋状态而改变。
4. Drs. W. P.Chapman and C. M. Jones of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, have foundnot only that the intensity level, or threshold, at which pain is felt variesfrom person to person but also that there are also variations in the thresholdof the same person at different times. They discovered that persons deprived ofsleep to the point of extreme fatigue have lower than normal pain thresholds.
4. 位于波士顿的麻省综合医院的W• P •查普曼医生和C • M •琼斯医生发现，不同人的感觉疼痛的强度值/临界值互不相同，甚至同一个人的临界值也由于时间不同而变化。他们发现，被剥夺睡眠处于极度疲劳的人的临界值要比正常的疼痛临界值低。
5. E. Libman,another investigator, discovered that American Indians did not perceive pain atthresholds as low as did Caucasian Americans. Even ignoring culturalconditioning, this fact may help to substantiate the many stories of theAmerican Indians’ remarkable ability to endure great pain.
5. 另一位研究者，E •利布曼发现，美国印第安人感觉疼痛的临界值不像高加索美国人那么低。抛开文化因素，这一事实足以证明许多传说中美国印第安人那非凡的忍受疼痛的能力。
6. Response to painappears to be part of the learning process. Dr. Ronald Melzack and William R.Thompson of McGill University, Montreal, Canada, havingraised animals in isolation, thus depriving them of the normal bumps and painsof growing up, noted that the animals did not respond normally to pain whenfully grown. Although nothing was wrong with their central nervous systems,they would not withdraw their noses from flaming matches held in front of them.Nor did they seem to realize that pain warned of damage to their bodies.
6. 对疼痛的反应似乎是学习过程的一部分。位于加拿大蒙特利尔的麦吉尔大学的罗纳德•梅尔扎克博士和威廉姆• R •汤普森博士将动物隔离圈养，不让它们互相磕碰，避免它们在成长过程中感觉到疼痛。他们注意到，这些动物长大后对疼痛不能做出正常的反应。尽管它们的中枢神经系统没有问题，但当燃烧的火柴放到它们面前时，它们不会把头缩回去，也意识不到疼痛所带来的身体受到伤害的警告。
7. And of course,there is the well-known experiment carried out by Pavlov. He found that when hefed dogs immediately after giving them painful stimuli they soon responded tothe pain with signs of pleasure. It seems we have to learn to respond to pain'swarning with proper protective reflexes.
7. 当然，还有巴普洛夫那个著名的试验。他发现给狗一个疼痛的刺激之后马上给它喂食，狗随后会对疼痛产生快乐的反应。看起来,我们需要学习用正确的保护性反射对疼痛的警告做出反应。
8. Visceral painoffers another example of the part experience plays in the recognition of andresponse to pain. Of the three major types of pain — superficial pain from theskin, deep pain from the muscles and joints, and visceral pain — only visceralpain is not rather carefully localized.
8. 内脏疼痛为个别经验在疼痛的识别和反应上又给出一个例子。疼痛有三种类型——来自皮肤的表面疼痛，来自肌肉和关节的深度疼痛，还有内脏疼痛。只有内脏疼痛不能被精确定位。
9. Often, visceralpain may feel as if it has come from another part of the body. It may seem tocome from the skin or deep muscles of the place to which it is referred. Forexample，pain in the heart may be felt on the inner surface of the left arm.
9. 内脏疼痛往往会让人产生错觉，让人觉得痛感是来自身体的其它部分，似乎来自于它对应的皮肤或深层的肌肉。例如，心脏疼痛会反映在左臂内表皮上。
10. This occursbecause localization of pain is also partly learned. We feel pain whereexperience has taught we usually can expect to feel pain. The nerve fibers makechains of connections all the way up the spinal cord to the brain.
10. 这是因为疼痛的定位在一定程度上也是需要习得的。我们感觉到的疼痛往往是经验告诉我们在这种情况下应该感觉到疼痛，因为神经纤维形成了许多的连接链，通过脊髓连接到大脑。
11. The nerve fiberof the viscera makes a connection with a nerve cell in the chain which is alsoended on by a nerve fiber from a superficial bodily structure. The nerve cellon which both these fibers end transmits pain impulses from both thesuperficial and deep structures. But since we normally expect to feel pain fromthe outside, the brain interprets all impulses traveling over the secondarynerve fiber as if they came from the outside.
11. 内脏的神经纤维与一个神经链上的神经细胞相连接，这条神经链的末端又与身体表面结构的神经纤维相连。连接两个纤维的神经细胞可以从表层和深层结构两方面传输疼痛脉冲。但通常我们会认为疼感来自于外部，因此大脑会把所有通过次级神经纤维传递的脉冲都解释为来自于外部。
12. If a person’sconcentration is focused on something strongly enough, he may not even feelpain. This is the basis for hypnosis. The patient is taught to concentrate sodeeply that his mind screens out all sensation — he can even undergo minorsurgery without pain. The athlete who plays out a game unaware that he isinjured is a more familiar example of the way intense concentration canminimize pain perception.
12. —个精神高度集中的人可能感觉不到疼痛，这就是催眠的基础。当一个病人高度集中注意力，他的大脑就会屏蔽掉所有的感觉——甚至可以毫无痛感地进行小手术。运动员在比赛时对自己受伤毫无察觉，这也是高度集中注意力可以减轻疼痛的例子。
13. After World WarII, Henry K. Beecher of Harvard Medical Schoolreported evidence that men in battle may suffer terrible wounds, not be inshock, and yet show few signs of pain. On the other hand, civilians withsimilar injuries will complain bitterly and beg for morphine. The differenceseems to be one of attitude in this case. For the soldier, the wound is a“reward,” because it removed him from death. For the civilian, the wound is acalamity.
13. 二战以后，哈佛医学院的亨利•比彻提出了一些证据，证明一些人在战斗中多处受重伤甚至休克，但他们很少感觉到疼痛。而另一方面，受了类似伤的平民们却不停地喊疼，向医生要吗啡止疼。这种差异似乎源自于他们对此的态度。对于战士来说，受伤是一种“奖赏”，使他们免受一死;而对平民来说受伤则是一件不幸之事。
14. The nerveendings which carry pain impulses are found throughout the body. The nervesenter the spinal cord and travel up to the brain, where the impulses they carryare interpreted.
14. 能够传输疼痛脉冲的神经末梢遍布全身，神经进入脊髓并联通到大脑，然后大脑对这些刺激进行解释。
15. Other nervefibers run down from the memory-storing areas of the brain and make connectionswith the pain fibers in the cord. These fibers serve either to inhibit oramplify the original message. Thus they are the means by which memories of pastexperiences can intensify pain.
15. 另一些神经纤维从大脑的记忆存储区下行，与脊髓内的痛觉纤维连接，他们既能够抑制也能增强原始信息，在它们的作用下，过去经验的记忆就能够使疼痛感增强。
16. In the case ofhypnosis, the inhibiting fibers would screen out many of the pain impulses toprotect the state of concentration.
16. 就催眠的例子而言，起抑制作用的神经纤维可以屏蔽掉大量的疼痛刺激，从而保护意识专注的状态不被破坏。
17. Pain responsescan be stimulated with several types of energy — electrical, mechanical,extremes of heat or cold, and chemical. Earlier, scientists thought there was aspecial nerve ending which transmitted only one type of energy message — onefor heat, one for cold, etc. Most recent research suggests the same nerveendings react to several kinds of stimulation.
17. 有几种能量可以刺激对疼痛的反应——电击、机械力、极冷或极热以及化学药品。过去的科学家认为专化神经末梢只能传输一种能量信息，例如: 一种传播热，一种传播冷，等等。但最近的研究却表明，相同的神经末梢能够对不同的刺激做出反应。
18. According toDr. Donald Ford, Downstate Medical Center,Brooklyn, New York, the same nerve ending that carries warmthmessages which are pleasant, may also carry pain messages if the heat isincreased. In actual tissue damage, Dr. Ford holds, a chemical substance isreleased which stimulates the nerve endings to transmit pain impulses.
18. 位于纽约布鲁克林的唐斯泰特医学中心的唐纳德•福特(Donald Ford) 博士认为，当热量增加时，一些传输令人愉悦的温暖信息的神经末梢也可以 传输疼痛信息。他解释说，当有组织受到损伤时，一种能够刺激神经末梢传输疼痛脉冲的化学物质就会释放出来。
19. The late SirThomas Lewis, English neurologist, reported many experiments designed toimplicate a chemical mediator of pain impulses.
19. 后来的英国祌经学家托马斯•莱维斯爵士也报告了多项测试疼痛脉冲的化学介质的试验。
20. In one such experiment,a blood pressure cuff was inflated around a volunteer’s upper arm so that noblood could flow below the cuff. Painful stimuli were given to the hand. Thesestimuli aroused feelings which, normally, lasted only one or two seconds.
20. 其中一个试验是这样的。用血压计的袖带套住志愿者的上臂，使得血液无法流到小臂。此时对手给予疼痛刺激。正常情况下这类刺激引起的痛感只能持续一到两秒钟。
21. As long as thepressure cuff was inflated, however, the pain continued to be felt. When thecuff was deflated and blood rushed into the lower arm, the pain disappearedwithin one or two seconds.
21. 然而，只要袖带的压力持续膨胀，疼痛就会持续;一旦袖带的压力被放掉，血液流入小臂，疼痛就会在一两秒中后消失。
22. This suggeststhat as long as blood was withheld from the stimulated area, the chemicalmediator of pain continued to arouse the nerve endings, giving rise to pain.When blood was readmitted to the stimulated area, this allowed the metabolicbreakdown of the mediator to proceed and stimulation of nerve endings ceased.
22. 这个实验说明，只要血液不能流到受刺激的部位，疼痛的化学介质就会持续激发神经末梢，引起痛感。当血液流到被刺激部位时，介质的代谢分解就开始从而使得神经末梢的刺激停止。
23. This finding isin accord with one of the basic laws governing the delicate balance of thebody. As soon as a hormone or other chemical made within the body has servedits purpose, it is immediately broken down.
23. 这一发现与守护身体微妙平衡的一个基本规律相吻合，那就是——当荷尔蒙或身体的其他化学物质开始起作用时，它就会立即分解。
24. Pain is man’suseful — and increasingly less mysterious — guardian.
24. 疼痛是人类最有用的守卫，它的神秘面纱正一点点地被揭开。
Wordsand Expressionstrigger ['trigə] vt.引发，引起，触发n.板机
jerk[dʒə:k] n.性情古怪的人，急推，猛拉，肌肉抽搐vt.猛拉cinder ['sində] n.煤渣，灰烬proportional[prə'pɔ:ʃənl] adj.比例的，成比例的，相称的，均衡的heredity [hi'rediti] n.遗传
threshold ['θreʃhəuld] n.开始，开端，极限，门槛，阀值
deprive of v.剥夺
fatigue [fə'ti:g] n.疲乏，疲劳，累活vt.使疲劳vi.疲劳
investigator [in'vestɪgeɪtə(r)] n.调查人
caucasian [kɔ:'keiziən] n.高加索人，白种人 adj.高加索的，白种人的
substantiate [sʌbs'tænʃieit] vt.使实体化，证实
isolation [,aisəu'leiʃən] n.隔绝，孤立，隔离，绝缘，离析
bump [bʌmp] n.撞击，肿块 v.碰(伤)，撞(破)，颠簸
carry out v.完成，实现，贯彻，执行
visceral ['visərəl] adj.内脏的，影响内脏的
joint [dʒɔint] n.接缝，接合处，接合点，关节
spinal cord n.脊髓
hypnosis [hip'nəusis] n.催眠状态，催眠
screen out v.筛选出
sensation [sen'seiʃən] n.感觉，感情，感动，耸人听闻的
unaware ['ʌnə'wεə] adj.不知道的，没觉察到的
bitterly ['bɪtəlɪ] adv.苦苦地，悲痛的，厉害的
morphine ['mɔ:fi:n] n.吗啡
calamity [kə'læmiti] n.灾难，不幸事件
intensify [in'tensifai] vt.加强 vi.强化
neurologist [njuə'rɔlədʒist] n.神经学者，神经科专门医师
implicate ['implikeit] vt.使牵连其中，含意，暗示n.包含的东西
chemical mediator化学介质
cuff ['kʌf] n.袖口，护腕，手铐，[医]橡皮箍袖带
inflated [in'fleitid] adj.膨胀的，夸张的，通货膨胀的
deflate [di'fleit] vt.放气，抽出空气，使缩小vi.缩小
withhold [wið'həuld] vt.使停止，拒给，限制，阻挡vi.忍住
readmit [ri:əd'mɪt] vt.重新接纳
metabolic [,metə'bɔlik] adj.代谢作用的，新陈代谢的
hormone ['hɔ:məun] n.荷尔蒙，激素
guardian ['ga:djən] n.护卫者，保护人，监护人adj.守护的
模拟题二：
致富取决于你自己
1.Critics oftenspeak of “the rich”with none-too-subtle disdain,as ifthose at the very top of the income ladder are all dishonest people or as ifbecoming rich is difficult and means others must become poorer. While we wouldbe the first to admit that some rich people are dishonest,we must add thatachieving the status of “the rich”(defined,say,by having a net worth of $1,000,000) is notparticularly difficult,contrary to popular wisdom. The rules for acquiringsubstantial wealth are few,simple. This fact suggests that becoming rich formost Americans is a matter of choice.
1、评论家们一说起富人往往带有明显的蔑视。就好象收入高的层次的人们都是狡诈之人，或者意味着成为富有阶层不容易而且其他人(诚实之人)一定不如他们富有。首先我们承认有些富人不诚实，但我们必须补充一点：与普遍的认识相反，达到富人阶层(它的概念应该是净收入一百万美元)并不是特别难。获取可观财富的规则只有几条，而且简单。这就意味着对于大多数美国人来说想不想变富是一个选择的问题。
2. One of the rulesfor being rich is to avoid frivolous temptations. That is easier said thandone,and we do not necessarily recommend that all people should lead a pure andjoyless life. We mean only to point out that the great majority of those fourpercent of Americans who have $1,000,000 in net worth get to where they are because they control theirpleasures. For example,rich Americans buy cars that are on average onlyslightly more expensive than those less wealthy Americans buy.
2、变为富有的第一个规则是避免无重要意义的诱惑。说起来容易做起来难，而且我们也无意建议所有人都该过着平淡无味的生活。我们只是想指出那些占美国人口百分之四的净收入达一百万美元的大多数人之所以达到今天的富有就是因为他们克制了自己的享乐。例如，富有的美国人买的汽车平均来讲只是略好于那些不太富有的人的汽车。
3. Being able tosave and accumulate considerable wealth is not automatic. People must have areasonable income in order to save amounts that will make for wealth,whichrequires several auxiliary rules for achieving an income level that will allowfor a minimum saving level. For most-those without the requisiteluck,inheritance,special talents,or good ideas-becoming rich means getting aneducation. Few people who drop out of high school will be rich. The income ofhigh school dropouts is about two-thirds that of Americans with a high schooldiploma.
3、能够节省和积累可观的财富不是自动的。要想省一定量的钱来足以积累成为财富，人们必须有适当的收入。为达到能够允许最低节省钱的收入水平还需要几个辅助规则。对大多数没有必要的运气、继承的财产、特殊的天才或好想法的人们成为富有就意味着受教育。高中就辍学的人很少变为富有的。高中辍学人的收入是拥有高中毕业文凭的人收入的三分之二。
4. To have a goodchance at being rich,though,most individuals (aside for the lucky ones) willneed at least a college education,which just about will double their incomesover what they would have earned with only a high school diploma. Aprofessional degree will result in an average annual income of about twice thatof college graduates (or six times the income of a high school dropout). Thismeans that those who invest in education do not have to save as high apercentage of income to become rich at retirement. However,in allprobability,educated Americans Will be richer at retirement simply because theywill be able to save more along the way and because they are likely to besmarter and can achieve a higher rate of return on their savings.
4、但是要想有好机会变富有大多数(除了幸运的)至少需要受到大学教育，与只有高中文凭的相比，大学的教育可使他们的收入翻一翻。大学以上的学历会导致比大学毕业的年平均收入增加一倍(或是高中辍学人的六倍)。这就意味着在教育上投资的人要想在退休时致富不必节省同样高比例的收入。但是极为可能的是受过良好教育的美国人之所以在退休时更富有是因为他们在过去的岁月里积攒得更多，而且他们可能更明智，获取更高的存款的投资回报率。
5. The firstauxiliary rule for becoming rich is to stay in school or,if out of school,goback to it. Of course,to stay in school is not enough and they will learnsomething worth the time and effort. It never has been easier to get aneducation. Public schools are free for the taking. College costs have beenrising steadily relative to family income level for more than a decade.However,the rate of return on a college education has been rising aswell,making the investment a good deal. Meanwhile,the cost of self-educationhas fallen with the multitude of sources of knowledge and information availableon CD-ROMs and the Internet.
5、致富的第一条辅助规则是坚持修完学业，即使走出了校门也要回去。当然留在学校还不够，还要学习一些值得学习的知识。历来受教育都不是容易的事情。上公立中学免学费。十几年来，相对于家庭收入水平，上大学的费用一直在稳步上升。然而，高等教育的回报率也在上升，这使得投资划算，成为很好的交易。同时，由于从CD-ROM和互联网上可获取大量的知识和信息，自学的费用已经降低。
6. The secondauxiliary rule for becoming rich is to pick your education carefully. Teacherswill find getting rich tougher than engineers,given that the former can expectto earn half as much over their careers. History and music professors canexpect to earn less than accounting professors. For that matter,history andmusic professors can expect to earn a lot less than their students who major inbusiness.
6、致富的第二条辅助规则是要精心地选好所受的教育。考虑到在工作期间教师的工薪预期是工程师的二分之一，前者致富要更难。教历史和音乐的教授预期要比会计学教授薪水少。正因为如此，历史和音乐教授预期要比他们的专业为商业的学生薪水少得多。
7. The thirdauxiliary rule for becoming rich is to marry someone with an equal or highereducation,and then stay married. By itself,marriage seems to provide a stableinstitutional setting that promotes greater earnings,which affords greatersavings. Married couples not only earn more than non-married people,they tendto economize on the costs of running their households,allowing them to save andinvest at higher rate. Moreover,the binding legal contracts at the foundationof marriages,which reflect their personal commitments to each other,give thecouple an added economic incentive to invest in the joint assets of the union.
7、第三条致富的辅助规则是与受教育水平和你相等或高于你的人结婚，然后保持婚姻状态。婚姻本身似乎提供一个稳定的处所，稳定的处所又能促进挣更多的钱，从更多的钱中抽得出更多的存款。结婚的夫妻不仅比不结婚的挣得多，而且在家庭运转的支出中，他们往往节省，使得他们省下钱来并以更高的回报投资。而且建立婚姻时有约束力的合法契约表现了他们对彼此的承诺，在经济上给双方增加了向联盟共同财产投资的动力。
8. The fourthauxiliary rule is to be able to work and save for a long time. Alcoholics anddrug addicts who are not yet rich are unlikely candidates for becoming so. Theywill be unable to work long and hard enough to earn the requisite incomes,andtheir careers will be full of instability,if they can even have careers. Mostwill drink,inject,or smoke up whatever incomes they earn; their suppliersundoubtedly will get rich at the expense of their customers-the addicts.
8、第四条辅助规则是有能力工作而且长时间积累。还未致富的嗜酒者和吸毒者不太可能变为富有。他们不能长久地工作而且难以挣回基本的收入，而且即使有职业他们的工作会不稳定。大多数人会酗酒、注射毒品、或把他们挣来的收入吸毒用尽。提供给他们毒品的人将以顾客-吸毒成隐者为代价而发财。
9. From ourperspective,becoming rich is really a matter of choice. Opportunityto do so abound. Of course,recognizing that you can choose to become rich doesnot mean that you should. As we have noted,choosing to become rich requiressacrifices that many people quite rationally have chosen not to make. One canlead a life rich in satisfaction and accomplishment without becoming richfinancially,and nothing we have written here is meant to suggest otherwise.
9、在我们看来，致富的确是选择的问题。机会到处存在。当然意识到可以选择致富并不意味着应该致富。正象我们所见，选择致富需要牺牲，很多人很理智地不选择发财。一个人虽然金钱上不富有，但可以生活得满意而有成就。本篇所写的内容无意提相反建议。
43.Oil <原47>
(油)
1. The existence ofoil wells has been known for a long time. Some of the Indians of North Americaused to collect and sell the oil from the wells of Pennsylvania. No one,however,seems to haverealized the importance of this oil until it was found that paraffin-oil couldbe made from it; this led to the development of the wells and to the making ofenormous profits. When the internal combustion engine was invented,oil becameof worldwide importance.
1、油井的存在由来已久。北美的一些印第安人过去常常去宾夕法尼亚的油井采集油来出售。一直以来，没有人认识到这种油的重要性，后来人们发现它可提炼出煤油来，情况才为之一变。自此油井遂蓬勃发展，巨额利润也由此产生。当内燃机发明后，石油更具有世界性重要意义。
2. What was theorigin of the oil which now drives our motor-cars and aircraft? Scientists areconfident about the formation of coal,but they do not seem so sure when askedabout oil. They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated inthe distant past,and was formed from living things in the sea. Countlessbillions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed. Theywere covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry,pressureand temperature were changed through long ages into what we know as oil. Forthere creatures to become oil,it was necessary that they should be imprisonedbetween layers of rock for an enormous length of time. The statement that oiloriginated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chiefoilfield of the world; very few of them are far distant from the oceans oftoday. In some places gas and oil come up to the surface of the sea from itsbed. The rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too. They aresedimentary rocks,rocks which were laid down by the action of water on the bedof the ocean. Almost always the remains of shells,and other proofs of sealife,are found close to the oil. A very common sedimentary rock is calledshale,which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on thesea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.
2、现在驱动汽车和飞机的油的起源是什么?科学家对煤的形成一清二楚，然而论及石油时，它们就不那么有把握了。他们认为，处于地表下的油起源于远古，并是由海洋生物形成的。数亿的微小海洋动物和植物繁衍生殖并沉到海底。它们被厚厚的泥沙沉积物所覆盖，并由于化学变化、压力和温度的作用过程，在漫长的时间中变成了我们所知道的石油。这些生物要变成石油，必须被密封在岩石之中很长时间。如果瞧一瞧标明世界主要油田的地图，石油起源于海洋之说便可以得到证实，极少有油田是远离今天的海洋的。在某些地方，天然气和石油从海底冒出海面。含油的岩石与海洋也有渊源关系。它们是水成岩，是由海水作用沉至海底的。在有石油地方的附近几乎总是有贝壳遗骸和其他海洋生物的证据。一种十分常见的水成岩叫油页岩，他是一种很软的岩石，很明显是因为被压积在海底而后形成的。而哪儿有油页岩，哪儿就可能有石油。
3.Geologists,scientists who study rocks,indicate the likely places to the oildrillers. In some cases oil comes out of the ground without any drilling at alland has been used for hundreds of years. In the island of Trinidadthe oil is in the form of asphalt,a substance used for making roads. Sir WalterRaleigh visited the famous pitch lake of Trinidad in 1595; itis said to contain nine thousand million tons of asphalt. There are probablyhuge quantities of crude oil beneath the surface.
3、研究岩石的科学家即地质学家给石油钻井工指明可能产生油处。有些地方，根本无需挖掘，油自动冒出地面，并已这样使用了几百年。在特立尼达岛，石油以沥青-即用作铺路的物质-形式存在。在沃尔特·罗利爵士在1595年访问过特立尼达的著名沥青湖，据说该湖的沥青容量有90亿吨。在其地表下可能有大量原油。
4. The king of theoilfield is the driller. He is a very skilled man. Sometimes he sends his drillmore than a mile into the earth. During the process of drilling,gas and oil atgreat pressure may suddenly be met,and if this rushes out and catches fire,theoil well may never be brought into operation at all. This danger is well knownand steps are always taken to prevent it.
4、油田的主角是钻井工。他们是熟练技术工人。有时他得把钻头钻入地下一英里深。在钻探过程中，由于巨大的压力，可能会突然碰上气和油，而如果油气喷出来并着了火，此油井便可能永远无法启用。这种危险是人人共知的，因此人们采取防护措施。
5. There is a lotof luck in drilling for oil. The drill may just miss the oil although it isnear; on the other hand,it may strike oil at a fairly high level. When thedrill goes down,it brings up soil. The samples of soil from various depths areexamined for traces of oil. If they are disappointed at one place,the drillersgo to another. Great sums of money have been spent,for example in the desertsof Egypt,in'prospecting' for oil. Sometimes little is found. When we buy a few gallons ofpetrol for our cars,we pay not only the cost of the petrol,but also part of thecost of the search that is always going on.
5、在钻井采油中也常要碰运气。钻头可能离油很近，但却失之交臂。而有时钻头可能在很浅处就碰上了油。钻头钻下去，把土带上来。人们检验从不同深处带上来的土样以探明油迹。如果一处落空了，钻井工就转移到另一处。为了“勘探”石油，已花费了巨额钱财，例如在埃及沙漠就是那样。有时所获甚微。当我们为自己的汽车购买几加仑汽油时，我们付的不仅仅是汽油的价钱，而且还包括了一部分不断在进行着的勘探费用。
6. When the crudeoil is obtained from the field,it is taken to the refineries to be treated. Thecommonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated,the first vaporsto rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boilingpoint; if a little is poured into the hand,it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes offthe oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils ofvarious grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
6、当原油从油田取得后，就被送往炼油厂去处理。最常见的处理方式是加热。油加热时最早升起的蒸汽冷却后就为最好的汽油。汽油沸点低，如果倒入少许在手上，它立即就蒸发掉。稍后从油中分离出来的气体就被冷凝成煤油，最后制出的各种不同等级的润滑油。而剩下的部分是用作燃料的重油。
7. There are fourmain areas of the world where deposits of oil appear. The first is that of theMiddle East,and includes the regions near the Caspian Sea,the Black Sea,the RedSea and the Persian Gulf,another is the area between North and SouthAmerica,and the third,between Asia and Australia,Includesthe islands of Sumatra,Borneo and Java.
7、世界上已探明的主要蕴藏石油地区有4个，第一是中东地区，包括里海、黑海、红海和波斯湾附近地区，另一个是北美和南美间的油区，而第三个是亚洲和澳洲之间的地区，包括苏门答腊、婆罗洲和爪洼岛。
8. The forth areais the part near the North Pole. When all the present oilfields areexhausted,it is possible that this cold region may become the scene of oilactivity. Yet the difficulties will be great,and the costs may be so high thatno company will undertake the work. If progress in using atomic power to drivemachines is fast enough,it is possible that oil-driven engines may give placeto the new kind of engine. In that case the demand for oil will fall,theoilfields will gradually disappear,and the deposits at the North Pole may restwhere they are for ever.
8、第四个油区是靠近北极那部分区域。当所有现今的油田都枯竭了的时候，这一寒冷地区可能会成为石油竞争活动的场所。然而困难将是很大的，同时代价也可能很高，因此没有一家公司肯承担这一任务。如果利用原子能来开动机器方面的工作进展迅速，那么以油为动力的发电机可能让位于新型发动机。在那种情况下，对石油的需求量将下降，油田将逐渐消失，而北极的储油也可能永远睡在原地。
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