初中英语词汇复习

　　一、容易混淆的动词：

　　[考试说明] 了解及物动词和不及物动词用法；掌握动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语、状语以及疑问词连用构成不定式短语的基本用法；理解动词不定式作主语和定语的用法；初步掌握延续性动词和瞬间动词在用法上的区别等。

　　1. come & be here

　　[误] He has come here for three hours.

　　[正] He came here three hours ago.

　　[正] He has been here for three hours.

　　come是瞬间动词，不是延续性动词，在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。而要与表示一段时间的状语连用，就要用延续动词。

　　与此同类的还有borrow/lend-keep; join-be in/at; die-be dead; buy-have; leave-be away,etc.

　　2. cost & take & spend & pay

　　[误] I cost a lot of time to read stories.

　　[正] It cost me a lot of time to read stories.

　　[正] I spent a lot of time reading stories.

　　cost除了钱的花费以外，还能表示时间上的花费，但常用物做主语。spend句子主语是人，可指花费时间和金钱，但后面的动词要用-ing形式，后面也可跟名词短语，介词用on。pay句子主语是人，常与for连用，buy也常与for连用，但花费“钱”要放在介词for后面，而pay则放在介词for前面。

　　3. join & take part in

　　[误] He joined the League for two years.

　　[正] He joined the League two years ago.

　　[正] He has been in the League for two years.

　　[正] He has been a League member for two years.

　　join指“参加”组织，成为一个成员，join sb.意思是“加入某人”，take part in指参加活动特别是大的运动；如指“参加…多长时间”就要用延续动词be in或be a …member，而不能用join。

　　4. borrow & lend & keep

　　[误] She has lent me the book for a week.

　　[正] She lent me the book a week ago.

　　[正] It’s a week since she lent me the book.

　　borrow和lend是短暂性动词，在肯定句里不和表示一段时间的状语连用，keep延续动词，可与表示一段时间的状语连用。

　　borrow意思是“借(进)”，后面跟介词from，lend意思是“借(出)”，后面跟介词to，lend也可用于某些成语中，如lend sb. a hand。

　　5. lie & lay & lain

　　[误] She laid down the book and laid in bed.

　　[正] She laid down the book and lay in bed.

　　lie有两个意思，一个是“说谎”，过去式和过去分词是在词尾加-d；另一个是“躺，卧；位于”，是不规则动词，其过去式和过去分词是lay、lain，现在分词是lying。

　　lay意思是“放；孵(蛋)”，其过去式和过去分词是laid、laid。

　　6. be made in & be made of & be made from & be made up of

　　[误] The table is made from wood.

　　[正] The table is made of wood.

　　be made in意思是“由……生产”，强调产地；be made of意思是“用……制成”，强调从成品上能看出原料，制成物没改变原料的本质；be made from意思也是“用……制成”，强调从制成物上看不出原料，制成物已改变原料的本质；be made up of意思是“由……构成或组成”，指人或物都可，指结构成分。

　　7. stop to do & stop doing

　　[误] He was too tired, so he stopped having a rest.

　　[正] He was too tired, so he stopped to have a rest.

　　[误] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop to talk.

　　[正] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop talking.

　　stop to do意思是“停下(正做的事)(开始)去做(别的某事)”，带to的不定式在句子中作目的状语；stop doing意思“停止做某事(不做了)”，带-ing形式的动名词在句子中作宾语。

　　二、容易混淆的名词：

　　[考试说明] 了解名词在句中所充当的成分，理解并能区别所学的可数名词和不可数名词；熟练掌握所学可数名词复数形式的构成，在口语和书面语的表达中正确运用；掌握物质名词及其数量的表达方法；了解专有名词的概念及一般用法；熟练掌握所学名词所有格的用法；了解集合名词和抽象名词的概念及一般用法。

　　1. job & work

　　[误] I’m busy today, for I have a lot of jobs to do.

　　[正] I’m busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.

　　job意思是a piece of work，指已做或要做、应做的具体的某种工作，实际含义是“职业”，而work通常指抽象意义上的工作，是不可数名词，也可指“工作场所”。

　　2. by train & change trains

　　[误] We came here by the train.

　　[正] We came here by train.

　　[正] We came here on/in the train.

　　[误] We have to change the train at the next station.

　　[正] We have to change trains at the next station.

　　train意思是“火车”，表示“乘火车”，用by train或on/ the train，表示“换火车”，train必须用复数形式，且前面不加限定词。

　　三、容易混淆的形容词：

　　[考试说明] 熟练掌握形容词作定语、表语及宾语补足语的用法；熟练掌握表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因等疑问副词的用法；熟练掌握形容词、副词比较等级的.构成和good、well、many、much等不规则变化；掌握little、far、ill、bad、badly等不规则变化；能熟练运用下列句型表示两者(人或事物)和三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较；初步掌握用much、little等副词在用法上的区别。

　　1. any & some

　　[误] Have you got some money with you?

　　[正] Have you got any money with you?

　　[误] Would you like any milk?

　　[正] Would you like some milk?

　　any和some意思是“一些”，用作定语，可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。any多用于否定句和疑问句，some多用于肯定句。

　　但如果说话人表示“请求，提议”或“希望得到肯定回答”的意义时，some也可用在疑问句中；some还可用于单数名词前，表示未知或说话人不想特别说明的人、地、物等，意思是“某一，某个”。

　　如果表示“任何，无论哪个”时，any可用在肯定句中。

　　2. either & each & both & neither & every

　　[误] There are many flowers on either side of the street.

　　[误] There are many flowers on neither side of the street.

　　[误] There are many flowers on each sides of the street.