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GMAT中定语从句和同位语从句辨析
定语从句是形容词从句,其句法功能相当于一个形容词,与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,同位语从句是名词从句,其作用相当于一个名词,这两个词在GMAT考试中都是很重要的,下面小编就来为大家详细介绍一下吧!1.定语从句是形容词从句,其句法功能相当于一个形容词,与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围,或补充一些情况。同位语从句是名词从句,其作用相当于一个名词,与前面的名词是同位关系,是对前面的名词作进一步解释,即说明它前面名词的内容。
试比较:The news that he told me just now is true.他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
析:定语从句,从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用,即“他告诉我的”那个消息,而不是别的消息。The news that l have passed the exam is true.我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
析:同位语从句,即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。
2.同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系,二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系,可用“主+系+表”结构来表示,而定语从句则没有这种关系。
例如:The news that he won the first place is true. 他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。 若用“主+系+表”结构来表示,则是:The news is that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军。
3.定语从句的先行词可以是各类名词,而可跟同位语从句的名词通常只有news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,word(消息),possibility等。因此,引导两种从句的连接词也不完全一样。可以引导定语从句的连接词有that,which,who,whom,whose,when,where,why等。可以引导同位语从句的连接词有that,whether,when,where,how等。即:which,who,whom和whose不能引导同位语从句,whether和how不能引导定语从句。
例如:The factory which(that) we visited yesterday is a chemical one.我们昨天参观的那家工厂是化工厂。(定语从句)He must answer the question whether he agrees to if or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。(同位语从句)
4.定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分,可作主语、宾语、状语等,而同位语从句中的引导词在从句中只起连接作用,不作任何句子成分。
试比较: The idea that he gave surprises many people.他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。
析:that在从句中作gave的宾语,句子为定语从句。The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。
析:that在从句中不充当任何成分,句子为同位语从句。
5.引导定语从句中的连接词有时可以省去,而引导同位语从句的连接词则不可省去。
例如:I’ll keep the promise (that/which) I made two years ago.我将履行两年前许下的诺言。(定语从句)析:关系代词that或which在定语从句中作made的宾语,可以省去。I’ll keep a promise that I will write to you as soon as I get to Beijing.我会守诺,我一到北京就给你写信。(同位语从句)
6.when,where和why在引导定语从句和同位语从句时,它们的共同点是引导词在这两种从句中都可以充当状语。但是,定语从句前有相应的先行词,分别为表示时间、地点和原因状语的名词,而同位语从句前,没有相应的名词。
试比较:I still remember the day when(on which)I first came to Beijing.我仍记得我第一次来北京的那一天。(定语从句)
I have no idea when she will be back.我不知道她何时才会回来。(同位语从句)
This is the house where (in which) I lived two years ago.这幢房子是我两年前住的那一幢。 (定语从句)
He raised the question where we would go.他提出这个问题,我们去哪儿。(同位语从句)
I didn’t know the reason why(for which)he didn’t come yesterday.我不知道他昨天为什么没有来。(定语从句)
He solved the problem why it couldn’t work.他解决了机器不能运转的毛病。(同位语从句)
同位语从句例题练习:
The investigations of many psychologists and anthropologists support the generalization of there being little that is a significant difference in the underlying mental processes manifested by people from different cultures.
(A) of there being little that is a significant difference
(B) of there being little that is significantly different
(C) of little that is significantly different
(D) that there is little that is significantly different
(E) that there is little of significant differences
考点: 简洁有效(Rhetorical Construction)
1) 宾语从句强调整体, 谓语+宾语结构只强调宾语 参考17题
(A) of there being代替that同位语从句表达复杂,笨拙并且不符合习惯.
(B) 错误同A选项
(C) 错误同A选项
(D) 正确, 用that同位语从句清楚地解释了generalization的内容
(E) significant differences在这里可以理解为有重要意义的区别,也可以理解为重要的区别,因此不
如significantly表达意思清楚
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