四六级高级语法

　　想要考好四六级怎么能不知道这些高级语法呢?下面就让小编为大家讲解一下吧。

　　平行结构

　　在英语中，当两个或两个以上的同等成分(主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语等)并列时，要求它们的词性或结构相同，即名词对名词，介词短语对介词短语，分词对分词，句子对句子等等。这就是英语的平行结构准则。一般在使用并列连词如and, but, or, neither… nor, either … or, not only .. but also, both … and, more(less) … than, as well as，rather…than等时，要注意不要违反平行结构准则。

　　He likes watching TV more than reading books.

　　The soldier preferred to die rather than surrender.

　　We saw Tom walking towards the river, taking off his clothes and plunging into the water.

　　Censorship prevents a movie from being shown or a book being sold.

　　强调句

　　英语中表示强调的8种方式

　　1.用形容词“very”，“single”等表示强调

　　eg.You are the very person I'm looking for.

　　你就是我要找的那个人。

　　Red Army fought a battle on this very spot.

　　红军就在此地打过一仗。

　　Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon.

　　今天下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。

　　2.用反身代词表示强调

　　e.g.I myself will see her off at the station.

　　我将亲自到车站为她送行。

　　You can do it well yourself.

　　你自己能做好这件事情。

　　3.用助词“do/does/did+动词原形”表示强调

　　e.g.The baby is generally healthy，but every now and then she does catch a cold.

　　那孩子的健康状况尚好，但就是偶尔患感冒。

　　Do be quiet.I told you I had a headache.

　　务必安静，我告诉过你，我头疼。

　　4.用“...and that”，“...and those”，等结构表示强调

　　e.g.They fulfilled the task，and that in a few days.

　　他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。

　　I gave her some presents，and those the day before yesterday.

　　前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。

　　5.用双重否定结构表示强调

　　e.g.There is no reason why this new immigrant should not have the same success.

　　完全有理由相信这些新移民应该拥有相同的成功。

　　A man can never have too many ties.

　　一个男人有再多的领带也不为过。

　　I can't thank you too much.

　　我无论怎样感谢你都不过份。

　　A mother can never be patient enough with her child.

　　I am not unfaithful to you.我对你无比忠诚。

　　6.用短语“in every way”，“in no way”，“by all means”，“by no means”，“only too”，“all too”，“but too”，“in heaven”，“in the world”，“in hell”，“on earth”，“under the sun”等表示强调

　　e.g.His behaviour was in every way perfect.

　　他的举止确实无可挑剔。

　　The news was only too true.

　　这消息确实是事实。

　　Where in heaven were you then?

　　当时你到底在哪里?

　　7.用倒装句表示强调

　　8.用强调句型表示强调

　　It is that或 It is who

　　e.g.It was the headmaster who opened the door for me.

　　正是校长为我开的门。

　　It was yesterday that we carried out that experiment.

　　就是在昨天我们做了那个实验。

　　Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)

　　时态

　　1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.

　　I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

　　I’ve been sitting in the garden.

　　2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

　　I’d been working for some time when he called.

　　We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

　　3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.

　　By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

　　In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

　　4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事.

　　I shall have finished this one before lunch.

　　They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

　　语态

　　可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

　　He was said to be jealous of her success.

　　It was said that he was jealous of her success.

　　能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

　　It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.

　　The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

　　担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:

　　Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制

　　双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

　　双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.

　　He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

　　Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

　　宾补结构的被动语态:

　　She was called Big Sister by everybody.

　　Then he was made a squad leader.

　　He was considered quite qualified for the job.

　　The room was always kept clean and tidy.

　　短语动词

　　Vi + adv

　　The plane took off two hours late.

　　Vi + prep

　　They looked round the Cathedral.

　　Vi + prep (有被动语态)

　　She’s looking after her sister’s children.

　　The children were always well looked after.

　　Vi + adv + prep

　　I began to look forward to their visits.

　　Vt + O + adv

　　Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

　　The children were brought up by their mother.

　　They took him on.

　　Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)

　　I am trying to give up smoking.

　　Vt + O + prep

　　We talked Donald into agreement.

　　状语从句

　　状语从句：两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接;状语从句用来表达两个句子之间的逻辑关系;分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型;

　　eg：I got up late.

　　I was late for school.

　　Because I got up late, I was late for school. (原因状语从句)

　　I got up late，so I was late for school. (结果状语从句)

　　1、地点状语：

　　地点状语从句通常由where，wherever，everywhere 引导;

　　eg：Where I live there are plenty of trees.

　　Wherever you work, you will gain much valuable experience as long as you are willing to work.

　　Wherever=no matter where

　　Everywhere they went, they were warmly received.

　　Where there is a will, there is a way.

　　where：不能翻译成在……地方时，通常翻译为如果，表示在……条件下;

　　eg: Where you are confident，you will succeed.

　　eg：Where previously the bank had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects , such as dams, roads and bridges，it begin to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.

　　concentrated on ：集中于……

　　2、方式状语从句：

　　方式状语从句通常由as，as if，as though，the way，what引导;

　　eg：Always do to the others as you would be done by.

　　When enter rome do as the romans do.

　　(1)as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像";

　　(2)as if/though："仿佛……似的."，"好像……似的";

　　有时用虚拟语气，有时不用;

　　eg：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. (与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)

　　He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.

　　(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)

　　It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

　　(实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。)

　　(3)the way：可以连接两个句子，表达就像……一样;

　　eg：I should do the job the way my father did.

　　Many Europeans now apparently view the US. the way many Americans view Mexican as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party.

　　(4)what：就像，犹如;

　　eg：Air is to man what/as water is to fish.

　　句型：A is to B what C is to D.

　　eg：A1 Gore calls global warming an "inconvenient truth," as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.

　　put sb. on a path to a solution：找到解决的办法;

　　3、目的状语从句

　　可以由that，so that，in order that，lest，for fear that，in case等词引导;

　　lest：以防，从句中的谓语动词必须用should+动词原形;

　　eg: He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.

　　He took the umbrella with him lest it should rain.

　　in case：以防，与lest不同，从句里的时态不做特殊变化;

　　eg：Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.

　　for feat that：和lest保持一致;

　　eg：A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.

　　let…down…：让……感到气馁。

　　4、比较状语从句：

　　than，as…as…，not so as…，(not) the same as，the+比较级;

　　eg：Light travels fast than sound.

　　the+比较级：

　　eg：The sooner，the better.

　　(1)当……的时候：while，when，as ;

　　when：强调一件事情正在发生的时候，另外一件事情突然发生;

　　eg：When I was watching TV, my mother came back.

　　while：强调两个动作同时进行，一边……一边……;

　　eg：My father is cooking while my mother is reading newspaper.

　　as："随时间推移"

　　eg：As time went by, the days became longer and longer.

　　(2)一……就……：as soon as，主将从现;用directly，immediately， instantly连接两个句子;一些名词如the minute，the moment，the instant也可表示;no sooner… than，hardly…when后面的句子需要倒装;

　　eg：I will write to you the moment/minute I arrived in Paris.

　　(3)特殊单词：by the time that，every/each time(使用时后面不要再加when)

　　(4)till&until：

　　① 肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的;

　　否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"，一般用until，动词为延续性或非延续性都可以;

　　eg: I slept until midnight.

　　Wait till I call you.

　　She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.

　　② Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首，通常用于句中;

　　eg: Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.

　　eg：As you sleep you pass through a sequence of sleep states—light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—that repeats approximately every 90 minutes.

　　5、结果状语从句

　　结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导;so保留，that可以省略;如此……以至于……;

　　eg：He didn't abide by the contract so that he was fined.

　　He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.

　　He made such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited.

　　比较：so和 such

　　(1)so：so +形容词、副词+that;so+形容词+a/an+名词+that;

　　eg：The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.

　　He run so fast that I couldn't catch up with him.

　　It was so hot a day that crops wilted.

　　He is so lovely a boy that everyone loves him.

　　(2)such：such+a/an+形容词+名词+that