2016年6月英语四级真题及答案试卷三

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2016年6月英语四级真题及答案试卷三

　　2016年下半年的英语四级考试开始备考，为了帮助广大考生更好备考2016年12月英语四级考试，小编为大家提供了英语四级历年真题及答案详解，希望对备考考研英语的同学有所帮助!以下是2016年6月英语四级考试试卷三的真题及答案。

2016年6月英语四级真题及答案试卷三

　　Part Ⅰ Writing

　　Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to express your thanks to one of your friends who helped you most when you were in difficulty.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

　　PartⅢ Reading Comprehension

　　Section A

　　Signs barring cell-phone use are a familiar sight to anyone who has ever sat in a hospital waiting room. But the_____(26)popularity of electronic medical records has forced hospital-based doctors to become_____(27)on computers throughout the day, and desktops-which keep doctors from besides-are_____(28)giving way to wireless devices.

　　As clerical loads increased, "something had to_____(29), and that was always face time with patients," says Dr.Bhakti Patel, a former chief resident in the University of Chicago's internal-medicine program. In fall 2010, she helped_____(30)a pilot project in Chicago to see if the iPad could improve working conditions and patient care. The experiment was so_____(31)that all internal-medicine program adopted the same_____(32)in 2011. Medical schools at Yale and Stanford now have paperless, iPad-based curriculums. "You'll want an iPad just so you can wear this" is the slogan for one of the new lab coats_____(33)with large pockets to accommodate tablet computers.

　　A study of the University of Chicago iPad project found that patients got tests and_____(34) faster if they were cared for by iPad-equipped residents.Many patients also_____(35) a better understanding of the illnesses that landed them in the hospital in the first place.

　　A.dependent

　　B.designed

　　C.fast

　　D.flying

　　E.gained

　　F.give

　　G.growing

　　H.launch

　　I.policy

　　J.prospect

　　K.rather

　　L.reliable

　　M.signal

　　N.successful

　　O.treatments

　　Section B

　　Ancient Greek Wisdom Inspires Guidelines to Good Life

　　[A] Is it possible to enjoy a peaceful life in a world that is increasingly challenged by threats and uncertainties from wars, terrorism, economic crises and a widespread outbreak of infectious diseases? The answer is yes, according to a new book The 10 Golden Rules: Ancient Wisdom from the Greek Philosophers on Living a Good Life. The book is co-authored by Long Island University's philosophy professor Michael Soupios and economics professor Panos Mourdoukoutas.

　　[B] The wisdom of the ancient Greek philosophers is timeless, says Soupios. The philosophy professor says it is as relevant today as when it was first written many centuries ago. "There is no expiration(失效)date on wisdom," he says "There is no shelf life on intelligence. I think that things have become very gloomy these day, lots of misunderstanding, misleading cues, a lot of what the ancients would have called sophistry(诡辩). The nice thing about ancient philosophy as offered by the Greeks is that they tended to see life clear and whole, in a way that we tend not to see life today."

　　Examine your life

　　[C] Soupies, along with his co-author Panos Mourdoukoutas, developed their 10 golden rules by turning to the men behind that philosophy-Aristotle, Socrates, Epictetus and Pythagoras, among others. The first rule-examine your life-is the common thread that runs through the entire book. Soupios says that it is based on Plato's observation that the unexamined life is not worth living. "The Greek are always concerned about boxing themselves in, in terms of convictions(信念)," he says. "So take a step back, switch off the automatic pilot and actually stop and reflect about things like our priorities, our values, and our relationships."

　　Stop worrying about what you can not control

　　[D] As we begin to examine our life, Soupios says, we come to Rule No.2: Worry only about things that you can control. "The individual who promoted this idea was a Stoic philosopher His name is Epictetus, "he says." And what the Stoics say in general is simply this. There is a larger plan in life. You are not really going to be able to understand all of the dimerisions of this plan. You are not going to be able to control the dimensions of this plan."

　　[E]So, Soupios explains, it is not worth it to waste our physical, intellectual and spiritual energy worrying about things that are beyond our control. "I can not control whether or not I wind up getting the disease swine flu, for example." He says. "I mean, there are some cautious steps. I can take, but ultimately I can not guarantee myself that. So what Epictetus would say is sitting at home worrying about that would be wrong and wasterful and irrational. You should live your life attempting to identify and control those things which you can genuinely control."

　　Seek true pleasure

　　[F]To have a meaningful, happy life we need friends. But according to Aristotle-a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great-most relationships don't qualify as true friendships. "Just because I have a business relationship with an individual and I can profit from that relationship, it does not necessarily mean that this person is my friend." Soupios says. "Real friendship is when two individuals share the same soul. It is a beautiful and uncharacteristically poctic image that Aristotle offers."

　　[G]In our pursuit of the good life, he says, it is important to seek out true pleasures-advice which was originally offered by Epicurus. But unlike the modern definition of Epicureanism as a life of indulgence(放纵)and luxury, for the ancient Greeks, it meant finding a state of calm, peace and mental case.

　　[H]"This was the highest and most desirable form of pleasure and happiness for the ancient Epicureans." Soupios says. "This is something that is very much well worth considering here in the modern era. I do not think that we spend nearly enough time trying to concentrate on achieving a sort of calmness, a sort of contentment in mental and spiritual, which was identified by these people as the gighest form of happiness and pleasure."

　　Do good to others

　　[I]Other golden rules counsel us to master ourselves, to avoid excess and not to be a prosperous(发迹的)fool. There are also rules dealing with interpersonal relationships. Be a responsible human being and do not do evil things to others.

　　[J]"This is Hesiod, of course, a younger contemporary poet, we believe, with Homer," Soupios says. "Hesiod offers an idea-which you very often find in some of the word's great religions, in the Judeo-Christian tradition and in Islam an others-that in some sense, when you hurt another human being, you hurt yourself. That damaging other people in your community and in your life, trashing relationships, results in a kind of self-inflicted(自己招致的)spiritual wound."

　　[K]Instead, Soupios says,ancient wisdom urges us to do good. Golden Rule No.10 for a good life is that kindness toward others tends to be rewarded.

　　[L]"This is Aesop, the fabulist(寓言家), the man of these charming little tales, often told in terms of animals and animal relationships." He says. "I think what Aesop was suggesting is that when you offer a good turn to another human being. One can hope that that good deed will come back and sort of pay a profit to you, the doer of the good deed. Even if there is no concrete benefit paid in response to you good deed. At the very least, the doer of the good deed has the opportunity to enjoy a kind of spiritually enlightened moment."

　　[M]Soupios say following the 10 Golden Rules based on ancient wisdom can guide us to the path of the good life where we stop living as onlookers and become engaged and happier human beings. And that, he notes, is a life worth living.

　　36.According to an ancient Greek philosopher, it is impossible for us to understand every aspect of our life.

　　37.Ancient Philosophers saw life in a different light from people of today.

　　38.Not all your business partners are your soul mates.

　　49.We can live a peaceful life despite the various challenges of the modern world.

　　40.The doer of a good deed can feel spiritually rewarded even when they gain no concrete benefits.

　　41.How to achieve meatal calmness and contentment is well worth our consideration today.

　　42.Michael Soupios suggests that we should stop and think carefully about our priorities in life.

　　43.Ancient philosophers strongly advise that we do good.

　　44.The wise teachings of ancient Greek thinkers are timeless, and are applicable to contemporary life.

　　45.Do harm to others and you do harm to yourself.

　　Section C

　　Passage One

　　Attitudes toward new technologies often along generational lines. That is, generally, younger people tend to outnumber older people on the front end of a technological shift.

　　It is not always the case, though. When you look at attitudes toward driverless cars, there doesn't seem to be a clear generational divide. The public overall is split on whether they'd like to use a driverless car. In a study last year, of all people surveyed, 48 percent said they wanted to ride in one, while 50 percent did not.

　　The face that attitudes toward self-driving cars appear to be so steady across generations suggests how transformative the shift to driverless cars could be. Not everyone wants a driverless car now-and no one can get one yet-but among those who are open to them, every age group is similarly engaged.

　　Actually, this isn't surprising. Whereas older generations are sometime reluctant to adopt new technologies, driverless cars promise real value to these age groups in particular. Older adults, especially those with limited mobility or difficulty driving on their own, are one of the classic useeases for driverless cars.

　　This is especially interesting when you consider that younger people are generally more interested in travel-related technologies than older ones.

　　When it comes to driverless cars, differences in attitude are more pronounced based on factors not related to age. College graduates, for example, are particularly interested in driverless cars compared with 　　those who have less education, 59 percent of college graduates said they would like to use a driverless car compared with 38 percent of those with a high-school diploma or less.

　　Where a person lives matters, too. More people who lives in cities and suburbs said they wanted to try driverless cars than those who lived in rural areas.

　　While there's reason to believe that interest in self-driving cars is going up across the board, a person's age will have little to do with how self-driving cars can be becoming mainstream. Once driverless cares are actually available for safe, the early adopters will be the people who can afford to buy them.

　　46.What happens when a new technology emerges?

　　A.It further widens the gap between the old and the young.

　　B.It often leads to innovations in other related fields.

　　C.It contribute greatly to the advance of society as a whole.

　　D.It usually draws different reactions from different age groups.

　　47.What does the author say about the driverless car?

　　A.It does not seem to create a generational divide.

　　B.It will not necessarily reduce road accidents.

　　C.It may start a revolution in the car industry.

　　D.It has given rise to unrealistic expectations.

　　48.Why does the driverless car appeal to some old people?

　　A.It saves their energy.

　　B.It helps with their mobility.

　　C.It adds to the safety of their travel.

　　D.It stirs up their interest in life.

　　49.What is likely to affect one's attitude toward the driverless car?

　　A.The location of their residence.

　　B.The amount of their special interest

　　C.The amount of training they received.

　　D.The length of their driving experience.

　　50.Who are likely to be the first to buy the driverless car?

　　A.The senior.

　　B.The educated.

　　C.The weaIthy.

　　D.The tech fans.

　　Passage Two

　　In agrarian(农业的),pre-industrial Europe, "you'd want to wake up early, start working with the sunrise, have a break to have the largest meal, and then you'd go back to work," says Ken Albala, a professor of history at the University of the Pacific, "Later, at 5 or 6, you'd have a smaller supper."

　　This comfortable cycle, in which the rhythms of the day helped shape the rhythms of the meals, gave rise to the custom of the large midday meal, eaten with the extended family, "Meal are the foundation of the family,' says Carole Couniban. a professor at Millersville University in

　　Peensylvania, "so there was a very important interconnection between eating together" and strength-eating family ties.

　　Since industrialization, maintaining such a slow cultural metabolism has been much harder. With the long midday meal shrinking to whatever could be stuffed into a lunch bucket or bought at a food stand. Certainly, there were benefits. Modern techniques for producing and shipping food led to greater variety and quantity, including a tremendous, increase in the amount of animal protein and dairy products available, making us more vigorous than our ancestors.

　　Yet plenty has been lost too, even in cultures that still live to eat. Take Italy. It's no secret that the Mediterranean diet is healthy, but it was also a joy to prepare and cat. Italians, says Counihan, traditionally began the day with a small meal. The big meal came at around 1 p.m. In between the midday meal and a late, smaller dinner came a small snack. Today, when time zones have less and less meaning, there is little tolerance for offices' closing for lunch, and worsening traffic in cities means workers can't make it home and back fast enough anyway. So the formerly small supper after sundown becomes the big meal of the day. the only one at which the family has a chance to get together. "The evening meal carries the full burden that used to be spread over two meals" says Counihan.

　　51.What do we learn from the passage about people in pre-industrial Europe?

　　A.They had to work from early morning till late at night.

　　B.They were so busy working that they only ate simple meals.

　　C.Their daily routine followed the rhythm of the natural cycle.

　　D.Their life was much more comfortable than that of today.

　　52.What does Professor Carole Counihan say about. pre-industrial European families eating meals together?

　　A.It was helpful to maintaining a nation's tradition.

　　B.It brought family members closers to each other.

　　C.It was characteristic of the agrarian culture.

　　D.It enabled families to save a lot of money.

　　53.What does "cultural metabolism"(Line 1 ,Para. 3) refer to?

　　A.Evolutionary adaptation.

　　B.Changes in lifestyle.

　　C.Social progress.

　　D.Pace of life.

　　54.What does the author think of the food people eat today?

　　A.Its quality is usually guaranteed.

　　B.It is varied, abundant and nutritious.

　　C.It is more costly than what our ancestors ate.

　　D.Its production depends too much on technology.

　　55.What does the author say about Italians of the old days.

　　A.They enjoyed cooking as well as eating.

　　B.They ate a big dinner late in the evening.

　　C.They ate three meals regularly every day.

　　D.They were expert at cooking meals.

　　Part Ⅳ：Translation

　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

　　乌镇是浙江的一座古老水镇，坐落在京杭大运河畔。这是一处迷人的地方，有许多古桥、中式旅店和餐馆。在过去的一千年里，乌镇的水系和生活方式并未经历多少变化，是一座展现古文明的博物馆。乌镇所有房屋都用石木建造。数百年来，当地人沿着河边建起了住宅和集市。无数宽敞美丽的庭院藏身于屋舍之间，游客们每到一处都会有惊喜的发现。

　　参考答案：

　　作文参考范文：

　　Dear my father and mother,

　　This letter is my inner feelings. I want to thank both of you for so many years’ care and help.

　　During my growth, you have made a lot of efforts and love for me. When I make a success, both of you are more excited than me, and support me to do better. Even though I have failed, you always share sorrow with me and encourage me not to give up. Especially, during my preparation for CET-4, the support from you is always everywhere. I have passed the exam successfully.

　　You love is so unselfish that I am deeply affected, so I will study hard to be a useful person and won’t make you disappointed. Anyway, I would like to express the deep gratitude to you.

　　With best wishes.

　　Sincerely yours,

　　Li Ming

　　选词填空

　　26. 正确选项 G growing

　　27. 正确选项 A dependent

　　28. 正确选项 C fast

　　29. 正确选项 F give

　　30. 正确选项 H launch

　　31. 正确选项 N successful

　　32. 正确选项 I policy

　　33. 正确选项 B designed

　　34. 正确选项 O treatments

　　35. 正确选项 E gained

　　段落匹配

　　36. 正确选项 D

　　37. 正确选项 B

　　38. 正确选项 F

　　39. 正确选项 A

　　40. 正确选项 L

　　41. 正确选项 H

　　42. 正确选项 C

　　43. 正确选项 K

　　44. 正确选项 B

　　45. 正确选项 J

　　仔细阅读

　　Passage One

　　46. 正确选项 D。 It usually draws different reactions

　　47. 正确选项A。 It does not seem to create a generational divide.

　　48. 正确选项B。 It helps with their mobility.

　　49. 正确选项A。 The location of their residence.

　　50. 正确选项C。 The wealthy.

　　Passage Two

　　51. 正确选项 C。Their daily routine followed the rhythm of natural cycles.

　　52. 正确选项B。It brought family members closer to each other.

　　53. 正确选项D。Pace of life.

　　54. 正确选项B。It is varied, abundant and nutritious.

　　55. 正确选项A。They enjoyed cooking as well as eating.

　　翻译参考译文：

　　【参考译文】

　　Wuzhen is an old water town in Zhejiang, located in the bank of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Wuzhen is attractive with lots of ancient bridges, Chinese-styled hotels and restaurants. The river system and life styles of Wuzhen stayed nearly unchanged over the past 1,000 years, and therefore Wuzhen became a museum displaying ancient civilization. All of the houses in Wuzhen were built of stone-wood. Residences and markets were constructed along the river by the local people over hundreds of years. Numberless spacious and beautiful yards are hided among houses, which give the tourists surprises as they step into each of them.

　　英语四级真题长难句解析

　　1、Ultimately, however, our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “less bad” but on creating completely healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil or reused by industry again and again.

　　【分析】本句为复合句。句子主干为our basic design strategy is focused not on being “less bad” but on creating healthful materials。that引导定语从句，修饰materials。however 意为“然而”，是插入成分。not…but…意为“不是……而是……”，连接两个介词短语。either…or…意为“或者……或者……”，表示并列结构。

　　【译文】然而最终，我们的基本设计目标不仅是简单地关注于“较低危害”，而是发明完全有益于健康的材料，这种材料或可以无害地回归土地，或可以被工业重复利用。

　　2、As you sleep you pass through a sequence of sleep states — light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep — that repeats approximately every 90 minutes.

　　【分析】本句为复合句。主句主干为you pass through a sequence of sleep states。as引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时”。that引导非限制性定语从句，修饰a sequence of sleep states，that在从句中作主语。light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep 是插入成分，具体说明 states 的内容。

　　【译文】人们睡觉时经历了一连串的睡眠阶段——浅度睡眠阶段，深度睡眠阶段，快速眼动睡眠阶段——大约每90分钟重复一次。

　　3、You program the clock with the latest time at which you want to be wakened, and it then duly(适时地) wakes you during the last light sleep phase before that.

　　【分析】本句为并列复合句。句子主干为You program the clock, and it wakes you。at which 引导定语从句，修饰 time，which 在从句中作时间状语，at+时间是固定搭配，所以 which 之前加介词 at，表示在某一具体时间点。句末的 that 指代 the latest time。

　　【译文】将闹钟调好至你想起床的时间，它便会适时地在之前的最后一个浅眠期将你叫醒。

　　4、Home builders can now use materials — such as paints that release significantly reduced amounts of organic compounds — that don’t destroy the quality of the air, water, or soil.

　　【分析】本句为复合句。主句为Home builders can now use materials。such as… compounds是举例说明，作插入语。第一个 that 引导定语从句，修饰 paints;第二个 that 引导定语从句，修饰 materials。

　　【译文】房屋建造者们现在可以使用不破坏空气、水或土壤的材料，如释放少量有机物的涂料。

　　5、We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a beneficial effect on the world.

　　【分析】本句为复合句。主句为We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices。that 引导定语从句，修饰 choices，that 在从句中作主语。to make choices 作 opportunity 的定语。

　　【译文】我们提供高质量和健康的产品，提供做选择的机会，他们可以选择对世界有益的产品。

　　6、This jumping to our children’s defence is part of what fuels the “walking on eggshells” feeling that surrounds our dealings with other people’s children. (2008年12月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主干为…jumping to our children’s defence is part of…。what引导的宾语从句what fuels…feelings作of的宾语。that引导的定语从句that surrounds…children修饰feeling。

　　【译文】这种对孩子的急切保护，加剧了我们在处理别人孩子的事情时，那种“在蛋壳上行走”的感觉。

　　7、Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, you’ll die on average five years before a woman. (2008年12月)

　　【分析】本句为简单句。句子主干为 you’ll die…。Assuming…term 为条件状语。about 78 years for men in Australia作插入语，是对natural term的解释说明，去掉后，句子的语法结构和语义仍完整。

　　【译文】假定你有幸活到了生命的自然尽头——在澳大利亚男性大概是78岁——你平均也要比女性早去世五年。

　　8、Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker’s cough for a year. (2008年12月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句。主句为Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man。 who引导定语从句,修饰 a 50-year-old man。delay后常接动名词，表示“推迟做某事”。smoker’s cough指吸烟引起的咳嗽。

　　【译文】两个月前，古丽塔遇见一位50岁的男人，他耽搁了一年而未对吸烟引起的咳嗽做任何处理。

　　9、Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School. (2008年12月)

　　【分析】本句为并列复合句。when引导时间状语从句，according to…是介词短语。conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School作后置定语修饰a study。the last one to do sth.意为“最后一个做某事的人”。

　　【译文】据沃德集团和沃顿商学院所做的一份联合调查显示，商店经理总是最后一个接到投诉，并且通常是当他们的常客决定定期光顾他们的竞争对手时才发现。

　　10、“Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly,” said Professor Stephen Hoch. (2008年12月)

　　【分析】本句中的直接引语为复合句。句子主干为Retailers are more likely to smooth over issues than those, more…than是比较级结构。第一个who引导的定语从句修饰Retailers，第二个who引导的定语从句修饰those。

　　【译文】史提芬??霍克教授说：“与那些态度不友好的零售商相比，能够及时作出反应且态度友好的零售商更有可能平息事端。”

　　英语四级阅读备考：真题长难句解析(3)

　　11、He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups. (2008年12月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主干为He believes…diseases…could be addressed…。that引导的定语从句that commonly affect men修饰most diseases。by preventive check-ups为be addressed的方式状语。

　　【译文】他相信，那些经常感染男性的疾病大多数都可以通过预防性的检查来处理掉。

　　12、Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, coworkers, strangers — and anyone who will listen. (2008年12月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Shoppers seldom complain to…but…will alert…。破折号在这里起到强调或引起别人注意破折号后面要说的话的作用。在破折号后，who引导的定语从句who will listen修饰的是anyone。

　　【译文】顾客很少向经理或者零售店的老板投诉，相反，他们会转而向他们的朋友、亲戚、同事、陌生人——以及任何可以听到的人吐苦水。

　　13、This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space. (2008年12月)

　　【分析】本句为简单句，主干为This guidance eliminated the need…and avoided confrontation…。eyeing the same parking space为现在分词作后置定语，修饰those。

　　【译文】这些引导消除了顾客在停车场无尽地兜圈子的必要，而且避免了顾客之间因抢占空车位而引发的冲突。

　　14、Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filling complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. (2008年12月)

　　【分析】本句为简单句，主干为Customers can…improve…experiences。方式状语by filling complaints to the retailer修饰improve future shopping experiences。instead of表示否定，其前后成分结构一致，complaining前其实省略了by。

　　【译文】顾客也可以通过向零售商投诉来改善今后的购物体验，而不是向全世界其他的人抱怨。

　　15、A code of conduct is hard to create when you’re living in a world in which everyone is exhausted from overwork and lack of sleep, and a world in which nice people are perceived to finish last.(2008年12月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主句为A code of conduct is hard to create，从句为when引导的时间状语从句when you’re living…last。从句中又包括两个由介词in加which引导的定语从句in which everyone is…sleep和in which nice…last，先行词均为a world。

　　【译文】当你生活在一个每个人都因加班工作、缺乏睡眠而筋疲力尽的社会，在一个好人最后总是吃亏的社会时，很难创造出一套行为准则。

　　16、Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake. (2009年6月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Todd Park said…。a local detective为Todd Park的同位语。the method has…为省略了引导词that的宾语从句，该宾语从句中又包含一个由whose引导的定语从句whose skeleton…Lake，修饰的是woman。

　　【译文】当地的侦探Todd Park说这个方法帮助他了解到关于一具在大盐湖附近发现的不明身份女尸骸的更多信息。

　　17、He had a perfect résumé and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice. (2009年6月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主干为He had a…résumé and gave…responses, but the fact…said untrustworthy…so she decided…。从句that he never looked her in the eye为the fact的同位语。and连接He的两个谓宾，but表转折，so则表结果。

　　【译文】这位应试者的履历非常完美，并且对她的问题回答得不错，但是，他不敢正视她这一事实意味着“不值得信赖”，因此她决定把工作留给第二个候选人。

　　18、When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past, from the media, peers, family, friends, etc., we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed (有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental values. (2009年6月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主句为we begin to realize…，从句为When引导的时间状语从句When we…etc.。主句中包括一个由that引导的宾语从句that some…values，作realize的宾语。从句中包含了一个由what引导的宾语从句what we think，作challenge的宾语；而think后又带了一个省略引导词的宾语从句we have learned from…etc.。

　　【译文】当我们开始质疑自己的假设，并且向那些我们认为是从我们的过去、媒体、同辈、家人、朋友等那里学到的东西发出挑战的时候，我们就开始意识到我们的结论有些是有缺陷的，或者说与我们的基本价值是相违背的。

　　19、We need to train ourselves to think differently, shift our mindsets and realize that diversity opens doors for all of us, creating opportunities in organizations and communities that benefit everyone. (2009年6月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主干为We need to…。to后带了三个并列的不定式，分别是train ourselves to think，shift our mindsets和realize，而that引导的宾语从句that diversity opens…us则作realize的宾语。creating…communities作伴随状语，该状语中又包括一个由that引导的定语从句that benefit everyone，修饰的是opportunities。

　　【译文】我们需要训练自己用不同的思维方式去思考，转变我们的思维，并且意识到多元化的大门向我们每一个人开放，这样就能创造机会，使组织和社区中的每一个人都受益。

　　20、They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, ‘Geez, if it could happen to him, …’(2008年12月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主句为They only come in，从句为when引导的时间状语从句。从句中包含两个由and连接的并列结构a friend drops dead和they think…。‘Geez…’为think的宾语，该宾语的省略号里其实省略了与it could happen to him结构对应的it could happen to me too。

　　【译文】某个朋友在打高尔夫时猝死，他们会想：‘天啊，如果这能在他身上发生……’，只有这个时候他们才会来(医院)。

　　21、Scott Hahn, cofounder with Gregory of Rogan and Loomstate, which uses all-organic cotton, says high-quality sustainable materials can still be tough to find. (2009年6月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Scott Hahn says…。high-quality sustainable…find为says的宾语。which引导的非限制性定语从句which uses all-organic cotton修饰的是Rogan and Loomstate。cofounder with Gregory为Scott Hahn的同位语。

　　【译文】Scott Hahn与Gregory同为使用全有机棉的Rogan和Loomstate公司的创始人，他声称，高质量的可持续使用面料仍然很难寻觅到。

　　22、Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren’t comparable fabrics that can just replace what you’re doing and what your customers are used to,” he says. (2009年6月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Most designers…are finding…。there aren’t…used to为省略了that的宾语从句。that引导的定语从句that can just replace…修饰fabrics。what引导的两个宾语从句what you’re doing和what your customers are used to作replace的宾语。

　　【译文】他说，“大多数现有品牌设计师发现，并没有匹配的面料能代替你正用着的和顾客们已经适应的面料。”

　　23、Last year the influential trade show Designers & Agents stopped charging its participation fee for young green entrepreneurs (企业家) who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and gave special recognition to designers whose collections are at least 25% sustainable. (2009年6月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主干为… Designers & Agents stopped charging…and gave special recognition…。who引导的定语从句who attend its…York修饰entrepreneurs，whose引导的定语从句whose collections are…sustainable修饰designers。

　　【译文】去年，颇具影响力的Designers & Agents对参加其在洛杉矶和纽约举办的两次春季展览的年轻环保企业家们实行免费入场，同时给予那些作品中包括至少四分之一可持续产品的设计师们以特别表彰。

　　24、This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional (过渡型的) cotton at higher prices, thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. (2009年6月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Wal-Mart is set to announce a… initiative。aimed…organic为后置定语，修饰initiative。冒号后的句子it will buy…prices即initiative的内容，相当于initiative的同位语从句。helping to…sustainable作伴随状语。

　　【译文】本周沃尔玛特打算宣布一大重要举措，旨在帮助种植棉花的农民走有机种植之路：它将以稍高价收购过渡型的棉花，以此帮助扩大一种主要的可持续使用面料的供应量。

　　25、Scientists have devised a way to determine roughly where a person has lived using a strand (缕) of hair, a technique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unidentified murder victims. (2009年6月)

　　【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Scientists have devised a way…。a technique为a way的同位语。where引导的宾语从句where…lived作determine的宾语。using…hair为现在分词作方式状语。that引导的定语从句that…victims修饰technique。

　　【译文】科学家已经设计出一个方法，凭借人的一缕头发便能大致确定某人曾经居住过的地点，这项技术可能能够帮助跟踪锁定犯罪嫌疑人或不明身份案件受害人的活动场所。

　　拓展：

　　四级阅读理解长难句有以下六大特点：

　　1、主语拉长

　　一般来讲，汉语主语比较简短。相比之下，英语中主语一旦拉长，就会增加读者的理解难度。

　　解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。例如：

　　The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears have also attracted more people to the region. （2005.6）

　　首先，把原句子分解为两个简单独立的句子：

　　（1）The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地

　　（2）have also attracted more people to the region. 吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。

　　其次，句子整合翻译：

　　溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，这些不仅使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地，而且吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。

　　2、分词短语打头，句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式

　　分词短语（包括现在分词和过去分词）做状语，这一句式比较常见，读者阅读时由于要区分短语和主语之间的逻辑关系，所以理解上有难度。并且分词短语本身往往由于掺入了插入语成分，理解上就更为困难。

　　解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。

　　例如：

　　Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvanis, the Conservancy’s Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection. （2005.6）

　　翻译：在宾西法尼亚州的朗庞德村庄有一栋上百年历史的校舍，大自然保护协会的成员巴德-库克就在这里办公，他与当地人民和商业领导合作，以努力平衡好经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。

　　注意：介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。例如：

　　In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. （2005.1）

　　翻译：有一段时间，美国的儿童学业表现不尽如人意，许多人于是转向日本，想从中寻求可能的解决办法，因为日本不仅经济实力强，而且学术成就也很高。

　　特别注意不定式to位于句首表目的，一定是考试重点。例如：

　　原文：To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. (2005.1)

　　翻译：为了使孩子能在一年级和以后有良好的表现，日本的学校并不教授阅读、写作、和算数，而是教孩子们诸如毅力、注意力和群体合作能力等技巧。

　　考题：In Japan’s preshcool education, the focus is on

　　A. preparing children academically B. developing children’s artistic interests

　　C. tapping children’s potential D. shaping children’s character

　　3、多个谓语动词连用

　　简单句之所以简单是因为成分单一便于读者理解。而四级阅读理解中，出题人为增加阅读难度，就会把几个谓语动词放在一个句子当中。但是无论局势如何变化，英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。

　　解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词。剔除细枝末节之后，句子也就好理解了。例如：

　　Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery, but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感) may make a difference in how long the misery lasts. （2005.1）

　　解析：此句是由but引导的并列句。前面一句话容易理解，谓语动词是spell,关键看后一句话。but引导的句子黑体下划线是主语，该句子真正谓语动词是may make，如下面所示：

　　but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感) may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.

　　翻译：喉咙发痒、鼻塞、浑身酸痛都令人痛苦，但是能够确定造成这种痛苦的根源是普通感冒还是流感，对这种痛苦能折磨你多就会起关键作用。

　　4、举例作为插入语（显著词such as; for example; including etc.）

　　插入语主要起补充或说明的作用，我们在进行快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即忽略不看。但是，笔者在这里要提出的一点是，如果根据文章问题回原文定位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了以上插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案往往就在此处。例如：

　　原文：Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.

　　考题： Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of

　　A. instrumental support B. informational support

　　C. social companionship D. the strengthening of self-respect

　　（1）Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually, and adults and teens often do not get a fever. （2005.1）

　　翻译：普通感冒患者的一些典型症状，如鼻塞、流鼻涕、喉咙发痒，发作比较缓慢，成人和青少年患者一般不会有发热症状。

　　（2）And in general, flu symptoms including fever and chills, sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms. （2005.1）

　　翻译：一般来说，流感症状包括发烧、发冷、喉咙发痒、浑身疼痛，比普通感冒的症状来得突然和猛烈。

　　☆注意：举例有时可以换成短语，如介词短语、不定式短语等等；还可以换成有两个破折号引起的插入语成分。例如：

　　It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and jounals and to producing video materials on ASL and deaf culture—is having lunch at a café near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution.(2004.6)

　　时间过了37年。现在Stoloe致力于撰写和编辑关于美国手语和聋哑人文化的书籍和杂志，以及制作相关的录像材料

　　5、并列句连用使得句子变长（主谓宾都可以并列）

　　并列句是四级阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分从而使其合并为一个很长的句子

　　解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独的句子即可。例如：

　　To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princess’s trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British government’s policy regarding landmines. (2004.6)

　　翻译：对政府来说，更糟糕的是，不久得知的消息是，王妃的安哥拉之行得到过外事办的批准，并且她事实上非常了解安哥拉的形势和英国政府关于地雷的政策。

　　相当于拆分成三个句子：

　　(1) To make matters worse for the government

　　(2) It soon emerged that the Princess’s trip had been approved by the Foreign Office.

　　(3) It soon emerged that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British government’s policy regarding landmines.

　　6、多重复合句叠加

　　所谓多重复合句叠加，就是说一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。

　　解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。通常采用图表法。例如：

　　（1）Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. (2006.1)

　　结构图：

　　①——☆①

　　○——○——

　　②——☆②

　　说明：

　　○——○=then there is the general, all covering apology

　　①=which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act

　　②= and which the person should promise never to do again

　　☆①= that was particularly hurtful or insulting

　　☆②= Who is apologizing

　　显然，原句子是由有there be引导做主句，后面跟了两个which 引导的定语从句，两者是并列的。比较特殊的是which定语从句中有各自有一个定语从句，像是一个连环套。

　　分解为以下几个句子：