英语四级选词填空练习及参考译文
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练习题一
Section A
Directions：In this section，there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blankfrom a list ofchoices given in a word bankfollowing the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any ofthe words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on thefoilowingpassage
The social network will let users“mute”messages from other users on their timelines without the muted person’s knowledge，thereby avoiding the(36)__________
process of having to unfollow(取消关注)，or put up with，your(37)__________talkative IRL friends.Twitter rolled out new(38)__________to let users better manage the deluge(泛滥)of tweets they receive.
Users can now“mute”people they follow,removing those people’s tweets and retweets from their own timelines.The muted person won’t know that he or she has been(39)__________.It’s a stealthy way to read less content from certain users without having to unfollow them.A person can easily be muted or(40)__________at
any time，Twitter said in a blog post.
“Mute gives you even more(41)__________over the content you see on Twitter by letting you remove a user’s content from key parts of your Twitter experience，”the company said.
Though Twitter had been experimenting with the feature in recent weeks，it announced that muting will be(42)__________to all users of the company’s iOS and Android apps，as well as the Twitter.com website.Some other Twitter applications，like TweetDeck，already allowed muting.
The feature is part of Twitter’s(43)__________strategy to make its service more accessible to a wider range of people.Following a successful initial public offerin9，Twitter’s stock has tumbled in recent months as investors worry about the social network’s(44)__________to attract new users.CEO Dick Costolo(45)__________that Twitter would make changes to its interface this year to make it easier to understand and manage.The company overhauled(彻底检修)user profile pages in April as part of this effort.
A.silenced
B.awkward
C.unmvted
D.feature
E.embarrassment
F.unfollowed
G.control
H.extremely
I.overall
J.vowed
K.generally
L.ability
M.accepted
N.available
O.characters
社交网站能让用户在他们的窗口中“静音(屏弊)”来自其他用户的消息，而不让他们知道，从而避免取消关注的(36)尴尬，或者是容忍你在现实生活中(37)极爱说话的朋友。
推特推出了新的(38)功能，以让用户能更好地处理他们收到的洪水般泛滥的信息。
用户现在可以使那些他们关注的人“静音”，从他们自己的窗口上删除这些人的微博及转发。那些被禁言的人们不会知道他(她)已(39)被静音。这是一种隐秘的方法，可以在不让某些用户知道的情况下少看一些来自他们的内容。推特在一篇博客文章中说道，一个人可以很轻易地随时被静音或者是(40)被取消静音。
该公司指出：“静音让你能够将某个用户的内容从你推特体验的关键部分删掉，从而使你可以更好地(41)掌控你在推特上看到的内容。”
虽然推特在最近几个星期里一直在对这项功能进行试验，该公司宣布静音这项功能将会(42)适用于该公司iOS系统和安卓系统的所有用户，以及Twitter.Com网站。像TweetDeck这样的其他一些推特应用程序已经拥有了静音这项功能。
这项功能是推特公司为了使它的服务可以适用于更广大的人群推出的(43)总战略中的一部分。在首次公开发行成功之后，在最近几个月里推特公司股票大跌，原因是投资商对该社交网络吸纳新用户的(44)能力产生了怀疑。公司的CE0迪克•科斯特罗(45)郑重宣布，今年推特会针对其界面作出变动，以使其更易理解和操作。作为该努力中的一部分，公司在四月份对用户信息页面进行了彻底的改动。
练习题二
Section A
Directions：In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bankfollowing the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding lette for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any ofthe words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Climate change has claimed its latest victim：Limacina helicina，a planktonic，predatory(捕食的)sea snail that’s a member of the taxonomic group more(36)__________ known as sea butterflies.(The name is(37)__________ from the wing-like lobes(叶瓣)the tiny creatures use to get around.)In a study(38)__________ published in joumal Proceedings of the Royal Society B，a group of scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)and Oregon State University have fQund that the Pacific Ocean’s decreasing pH—its acidifying(酸化)，in other words-is dissolving L.helicina’s thin shells.
The researchers collected sea butterfly(39)__________ from 13 sites along the Pacific coast(between Washington and southern CaliforniA.，going over each with a scanning electron microscope.More than half of the shells(53%)from onshore individuals(40)__________ signs of“severe dissolution damage，”while 24%of(41)
__________ individuals suffered dissolution damage.The study’s(42)__________ investigator,Dr.NinaBednarsek of NOAA，described the affected L.helicina shells as having a texture not unlike“cauliflower”or“sandpaper.”
According to the paper，there was a“strong positive(43)__________ ”between the proportion of sea butterflies with severe shell dissolution damage and“the percentage of undersaturated(未达到饱和的)water”near the ocean’s surface.The researchers conclude“shell dissolution owing to(human.caused ocean(44)_________has doubled in near shore habitats since pre.industrial conditions across this region and is on track to triple by 2050，”a truly(45)__________ prediction.Moreover,the broader implications for ecosystem are unclear,as damaged shells make it harder for L.helicina to fight infections，stay buoyant，and protect themselves from predators.
A.showed
B.recently
C.protected
D.commonly
E.derived
F.samples
G.offshore
H.principal
I.noticed
J.correlation
K.encouraging
L.seaward
M.acidification
N.grim
O.pollution
气候变化已公布了其最新的受害者：鯱螺(学名Limacina helicina)，一种捕食性浮游海螺，被(36)普遍称为海蝴蝶分类组中的一员(“海蝴蝶”之名(37)来源于微小生物用来游走的翼状叶瓣)。在 (38)最近《皇家学会学报B》刊载的一项研究报告中，来自美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)及俄勒冈州立大学的科学家们指出：太平洋的PH正在不断下降一换句话说，海水的酸化正在溶解鯱螺的薄壳。
研究人员收集了太平洋沿岸(从华盛顿到南加州之间)13个地点的海蝴蝶(39)样本，并用扫描电子显微镜对其一一进行深入检查。来自海岸的个体样本中有一半以上(53%)的贝壳都(40)呈现出“严重溶解”的迹象，而在来自(41)海面上的个体样本中仅有24%的贝壳受到溶解破坏。该研究的(42)首席研究员，来自NOAA的Nina Bednarsek指出那些受到影响的鯱螺的贝壳都拥有“菜花”状或者“砂纸”状的纹理。
据该研究报道，严重损伤的贝壳数量与海洋表面附近 “欠饱合海水”百分率之间呈现出“强烈的正(43)相关”。研究人员推断出，“自该区域工业化时代以前的海洋条件算起，近海栖息地(由于人为导致的海洋 (44)酸化)引起的贝壳溶解已经翻了一倍，到2050年可能会增至三倍，这真是个(45)糟糕的预言。此外，这对生态系统的更广泛影响并不明确，因为受伤的外壳会让鯱螺更难以抵御感染、保持浮力及逃脱捕食者的猎杀。
练习题三
Section A
Directions：In this section，there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blankfrom a list ofchoices given in a word bankfollowing the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any ofthe words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 t0 45 are based on thefollowingpassage.
Judges at last weekend’s Pizza World Championship held in Parma，Italy,(36)__________the world’s top marghefita pizza title to Australian chef Johnny Di Francesco，owner of the 400 Gradi restaurant in Brunswick，a Melbourne suburb.
Di Francesco，36，beat more than 600 competitors from 35 countries to take ,home the Specialita Traditionale Garantita pizza prize in the(37)__________competition.
The win and subsequent publicity has made the small restaurant he owns in his hornetown all(38)__________sensation(知名人物).
“It’s been all amazing reaction，”Di Francesco tells CNN.“Honestly,I just went to Naples to do what I love.I didn’t think it was going to make such a(39)__________.”
“A lot ofpeople think it is easy to(40)__________a margherita but it is one ofthe hardest(pizzas)to make，”Di Francesco told Australian website Good Food.
“With a lot of other pizzas it’s easy to mask the(41)__________with toppings(配料)so you don’t really get the flavor out of the dough.With a margherita there is no hiding anything that isn’t right.”
Competition rules are(42)__________0n what ingredients can top the dough(面团)on the margherita：only peeled tomatoes，certain types of mozzarella，garlic，olive oil，salt and fresh basil leaves are used.
Di Francesco，who says he’s been making pizza(43)__________1 2 years old and studied pizza-making at the highly regarded Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana in Naples，Italy,calls himself a(44)__________when it comes to making pizza.
“It’s an honor to be part of what(Verace Pizza Napoletanaldoes，striving to(45)__________a traditionalway of making pizza the way they’ve done it in Naples for hundreds of years.”
A.produce
B.flavor
C.rewarded
D.preserve
E.traditionalist
F.since
G.casual
H.awarded
I.overnight
J.annual
K.mess
L.after
M.conservative
N.strict
O.stir
上周在意大利帕尔马举行的披萨世界冠军比赛中，评委们将世界顶级玛格丽特披萨冠军(36)奖给了澳大利亚厨师约翰尼•迪•弗朗西斯科，约翰尼•迪•弗朗西斯科是墨尔本近郊不伦瑞克省400梯度餐厅的主人。
36岁的迪•弗朗西斯科在(37)生度比赛中打败了来自35个国家的600多个对手赢得了传统特色代表披萨奖。
这次的胜利以及随后的宣传使得他在家乡拥有的小餐厅(38)一夜成名。
“这是个惊人的反响，”迪•弗朗西斯科对CNN说，“坦白说，.我只是去那不勒斯做了我喜欢做的事情而已。我并没想到会造成这样的(39)轰动。”
迪•弗朗西斯科告诉澳大利亚美食网(Good Food)：“很多人会认为(40)做一份玛格丽特很容易，但是它是最难做的(披萨)之一。”
“其他披萨的(41)味道可以很容易地被配料掩盖，所以你不能真正品出面团的味道。而玛格丽特绝不会掩盖任何不对的味道。”
比赛规则对玛格丽特披萨面团上的用料要求(42)很严格：只有去皮番茄、某些类型的马苏里拉奶酪、大蒜、橄榄油、盐和新鲜的紫苏叶才可以用。
迪•弗朗西斯科说他(43)从12岁起就开始做披萨并曾在意大利那不勒斯备受推崇的真正的披萨饼协会学习做披萨，说到做披萨，他自称是一个(44)传统丰义者。
“很荣幸能够成为(真正的披萨饼协会的)一部分，并努力(45)坚持那不勒斯几百年以来一直在用的做披萨的传统方法。”
练习题四
Section A
Directions：In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blankfrom a list ofchoices given in a word bankfollowing the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letterv for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not ase any ofthe words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the followingpassage.
The poll of 2,000 adults in England was(36)__________out as part of the government’s drive to curb people’s drinking habits.
The campaign also stresses that a heavy drinking session is often(37)__________by an unhealthy breakfast，which again helps to pile on the pounds.
The Know Your Limits campaign has in the past focused on other(38)__________0f drinking，such as di sease risk.
But to(39)__________with the focus on weight，the DepaIhiient of Health carried out research showing a regular beer drinker,who downed(喝)five pints a week or 250 over the(40)__________of a year,packed away the same number of calories as someone eating 22 1 doughnuts over the space of 12 months.
It also revealed the average wine drinker consumed 2,000 calories each month.over the course of a year,that is the(41)__________ofeating all extra 38 roast beefdinners.
Health minister Phil Hope said，“Regularly drinking more than our(42)__________daily limits can have a knock-on effect on our health，including an expanding waistline.
“It’s not only the calories in the drinks themselves that can help to pile on the pounds，we’re also more(43)__________to eat fatty foods when we’ve had one too many.”
Heather Caswell，of the British Nutrition Foundation，added，“Most people would baulk(犹豫)at consuming a full glass of single cream，but wouldn’t minl(44)__________about a couple ofpints.”
“But the calorie content is similar and，over time，excess alcohol intake is likely to lead to weight gain.”
And a spokesman for the Drinkaware Trust added：“It’s(45)__________we are in the know when it comes to what we are drinking.”
A.consequences
B.carried
C.communicate.
D.followed
E.equivalent
F.held
G.twice
H.likely
I.coincide
J.necessity
K.course
L.related
M.imperative
N. over
0.recommended
英格兰(36)开展了2000位成人的投票活动，以帮助政府努力控制人们的饮酒习惯。
这项活动同时也指出，不健康的早餐总是(37)紧随酗酒之后，这反而更加会让人长胖。
这次“了解自己的极限”的活动过去的重点是喝酒带来的如患疾病风险这类的其他(38)后果。
但是为了(39)配合民众对体重的关注，卫生署进行了研究，表明每周喝5品脱或者是在一年(40)中喝250品脱的普通啤酒饮用者，吸收的卡路里和一个在12个月内吃了221个甜甜圈的人一样多。
研究还指出，普通的葡萄酒饮用者一个月吸收2000卡路里。在一年中所吸收的热量(41)相当于吃38顿额外的烤牛肉。
卫生部长菲力•侯朴说：“经常每天喝酒超过我们(42)推荐的限制会对我们的健康产生连锁打击，包括腰围增加。”
“不仅仅是酒本身中的卡路里能让我们发胖，当我们一种东西吃得太多时，我们更(43)有可能吃高脂肪食品。”
希瑟•卡斯韦尔补充说：“大多数人会在一大杯稀奶油面前踟蹰不前，但是面对几杯酒却从不会(44)犹豫。”
“但是卡路里的成份是相似的，而且随着时间的推移，过量饮酒更有可能导致体重增加。”
Dfinkaware信托公司的一个发言人也指出：“我们(45)必须要知道我们喝酒时都喝了些什么。”
练习题五
Section A
Directions：In this section。thereis a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blankfrom a list ofchoices given in a word bankfollowing the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter Please mark the corresponding letterfor each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any ofthe words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on thefollowingpassage.
“THINKING is hard，”(36)__________Daniel Dennet，a professor of philosophy at Tufts University.“Thinking about some problems is so hard that it can make your head ache just thinking about thinking about them.”He has spent hA.f a century pondering some of the knottiest problems around：the nature of meaning，the(37)__________of minds and whether freewill is possible.His latest book，Intuition Pumps(直觉泵)and Other Tools for Thinking，is a precis of those 50 years，distilled into 77(38)__________ and mostly bite-sized chapters.
“Intuiuon pumps”are what Mr Dennet calls thought experiments that aim to get at the rub of concepts.But the aim of this book is not(39)__________to show how the pumps work,but to(40)__________them to help readers think through some of the most profound conundrums.
This pump which Mr Dennet calls a“cascade of homunculi(级联侏儒)”，was(41)__________by the field of artificial Intelligence,An programmer begins by taking a problem a computer is meant to solve and breaking it down into smaller tasks，to be dealt with by particular(42)__________.These，in turn，are(43)__________ of sub.subsystems，and so on.In this way,we are in depth of thinking profound problems.
Of course，Mr Dennet’s book is not a(44)__________solution to such mind-benders;it is philosophy in action.Like all good philosophy,it works by getting the reader to examine deeply held but(45)__________ beliefs about some of our most fundamental concems，like personal autonomy.It is really not all easy read.
A.consist
B.actually
C.nature
D.concedes
E.inspired
F.definable
G.composed
H.readable
I.substance
J.merely
K.unspoken
L.apply
M.suppose
N.subsystem
O.definitive
塔夫斯大学的一名哲学教授丹尼尔•丹尼特(36)承认：“思考是困难的，某些问题的思考之难，几乎到了只要一想这些问题就会头疼的地步。在过去半个世纪里，他一直在沉思那些最耐人寻味的问题：意义的本质，思想的(37)实质以及自由意志的可行性等。最近，他的力作《思考的工具：直觉泵及其他》新鲜出炉，由77篇既(38)有可读性又短小精悍的'文章组成，是他五十多年来思考之浓缩，覃思之精华。
“直觉泵”是丹尼特用来称呼思想实验的术语。所谓思想实验就是一种意在探究概念内核的实验。本书的目的(39)不仅仅在于展示“直觉泵”的工作流程，更重要的是通过(40)运用“直觉泵”，帮助读者去揣摩那些最值得考虑的难题。
丹内特把这种泵称为“级联侏儒”，其(41)灵感来自于人工智能领域。当一名程序员接受了一项有待计算机解决的任务时，他首先会把这项任务分解为一些更小的任务，然后把这些任务交给一些特定的(42)子系统去解决，而这些子系统又是由更小的子子系统(43)组成的，以此类推。只有这样，这些问题才能得以深思。
当然，丹内特的书并不是这些令人迷惑的问题的(44)终极答案。相反的，是对此类问题的终极思考。如同所有终极思考一样，该书通过让读者对那些深藏于我们内心却又(45)无法言说的信念进行检讨，从而达到自己的目的。它确实不是一本易读懂的书。
练习题六
Section A
Directions：In this section，there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blankfrom a list of choices given in a word bankfollowing the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letterfor each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any ofthe words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 t0 45 are based on thefoRowingpassage.
Electronic cigarettes will face new(36)__________in the US，the US Food and Drug Administra-tion(37)__________yesterday.These will include curbs on sales to minors and distribution of fi'ee samples，as well as provisions forcing manufacturers to place heA.th warnings on packaging.
The long-awaited proposals—which also demand that the manufacturers should disclose all the ingredients in details and make claims of(38)__________risk only if scientifically validated--are less stringent(严厉的)than the Europe legislations voted on in February.(39)__________the proposed restrictions doing nothing to control advertising or curbing the sale offlavored products with names such as“Very Berrylicious”，(40)__________of e-cigarettes claim that they are more(41)__________and scientific than the EU rules.
“This is much less onerous than the European Tobacco Products directive，”says Gerry Stimson，a UKconsultant who supports“least harm"’solutions to health problems.“It is clear that the FDA process，(42)__________the EU，follows the science，but this is just a first step and the regulatory process could take years，duringwhich the products and the market will develop.”
The proposals will likely(43)__________further debate for and against e-cigarettes，which call resemble real cigarettes but contain no tobacco，only a vaporized form of pure nicotine that users breathe in and out.
Backers of e-cigarettes say they have great(44)__________to help hardened smokers quit or cut down，because unlike other nicotine replacement products，they closely(45)__________cigarettes，both in appearance and use.
A.popular
B.restrictions
C.potential
D.importance
E.despite
F.provoke
G.announced
H.like
I.resemble
J.proponents
K.maintain
L.pragmatic
M.claim
N.reduced
O.unlike
昨日，美国食品药物监管局(37)宣布，美国将针对电子烟问题拟定新的(36)制约条例。其中包括，向未成年人出售管制，免费样品的分发，以及勒令制造商在外包装卜讲行健康提示的规定等等。
这些被期许已久的提议规定：制造商应该明确公开产品的生产成分，另外，只有被证明是科学合理的，厂商才可以对外宣称产品是(38)降低风险的。即使如此，与今年二月在欧洲通过的有关律法而言，这些规定依然不够严厉。(39)尽管这些制约条例对于广告宣传的控制以及风味品销售的管制没有效力，但是电子烟的(40)拥护者们还是声称它们比欧盟的那些规定更加(41)实用、科学。
联合国顾问格里·斯廷森支持健康危害最小化的方案，他说：“这些新的限制远比欧洲关于烟草产品的指令轻。明显(42)与欧盟不同的是，美国食品药物监管局是紧随科学步伐的。然而，这迈出的只是第一步，整个监管程序是非常耗时的;但在这期间，产品和市场都会有所发展。
如此提议将会进一步(43)引发有关电子烟的争论，它看起来像真正的香烟但不含烟草，吸烟者吸入或呼出的只是纯尼古丁的气化物。
电子烟的支持者认为，它们有帮助嗜烟者戒烟或减量的巨大(44)潜力，因为电子烟与其他的尼古丁替代品不同，虽然它们在外形和使用方面都更(45)像香烟。
练习题七
Section A
Directions：In this section，there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blankfrom a liSt of choices given in a word bankfollowing the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any ofthe words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on thefollowingpassage
One thing about Huawei is easy to understand：its(36)__________.In Paris on May 7th the Chinese telecoms company showed off the Ascend P7，a sleek smart phone(37)__________with the speedy fourth-generation mobile-phone networks being built in many countries.
Huawei started pushing its own brand of smart phones only in 201 1，but by 2013 it was the world’s third-biggest vendor.(38)__________it is still far behind the leaders，Apple and Samsung：it hopes that phones likethe P7 will help it(39)__________the gap.In 2013 this part of its operations brought in about 70%of its revenue of 239 billion yuan.
Huawei’s(40)__________and management are less well understood.Some American politicians and competitors regard the company as little better than a front for the Chinese state， partly because Ren Zhengfei，its chief(41)__________，was an engineer in the People’s Liberation Army before he founded Huawei in l 987.Its network equipment has in effect been(42)__________out of the American market.However,Huawei has A.ways denied being under the state’s thumb.
Unlike A.ibaba and other Chinese technology companies that have sought stock market listings，Huawei has no such plans.Huawei’s system，he believes，fosters a(43)__________view that will help it overtake listed competitors.Nor does he think that going public would(44)__________Huawei’s difficulties in America.“It might take ten or 20 years for the United States to know that Huawei is a company with(45)__________，”he said.Meanwhile，Huawei will put its energy into more welcoming markets.
A.shut
B.ambition
C.integrity
D.short-term
E.compatible
F.honesty
G.ownership
H.enlarge
I.bridge
J.decrease
K.long-term
L.however
M.executive
N. alleviate
O.Though
关于华为，有一点是显而易见的：它是一家有(36)野心的企业。5月7日，华为旗舰机Ascend P7亮相巴黎，该智能机(37)兼容现已在多国建立通行的4G移动网络。
华为从2011年才开始力推其自己的手机品牌，但仅到2013年，它就成为了全球的第三大手机供应商;(38)虽然与其他手机行业的领军产品苹果和三星相比仍落后不少，但它希望通过P7这样的旗舰机(39)缩小这个差距。2013年，华为的营业额约为2390亿人民币，其中电信业务占70%。
然而，华为的(40)所有权和管理问题却并不是那么明了。一些美国政客和华为的竞争者认为华为几乎就是中国政府从事间谍活动的掩体，他们会这么想，部分原因在于华为的(41)总裁，于l987年创立华为的任正非之前曾是中国人民解放军的一员。实际上，华为的网络设备已被美国市场(42)拒之门外。但华为一直声称其从未受控于中国政府。
不像阿里巴巴和其他的中国科技公司，华为并没有要上市的打算。他认为，华为的股权机制帮助其建立(43)长远的运营目光，从而使其能够战胜那些上市的竞争对手。同样地，他觉得上市并不能(44)缓解其在美国的窘境。他说：“也许需要10到20年的时间才能使美国明白华为是一家(45)正直清白的企业。”而在这之前，华为会在更加友好的市场上施展拳脚。
练习题八
Section A
Directions：In this section.there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one wordfor each blank from a list ofchoices given in a word bankfollowing the passage.Read the passage through carefully before maMng your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any ofthe words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on thefollowingpassage.
Public colleges must be stewards(管家)of tlle public’s trust and of students’and taxpayers’dollars.They should be(36)__________for containing costs and for spending on what matters most：prepanng students to be active learners，career-ready and engaged citizens.Public colleges are using myriad strategies to cut costs and keep college(37)__________.These include(38)__________administrative expenses;eliminating low-enrollment programs and student support services;and achieving cost savings in energy management and employee health care.
Fast-rising tuition increases may make it seem that institutional spendiiIg is out of(39)__________.However,public colleges’collective(40)__________per full.time studem has actuA.ly been flat in recent years.
The primary reason for escalating(逐步上升)tuition prices has been the state-to-student cost shift that has taken place in who pays for a public higher education.States have gradually(41)__________from their public higher education systems.with families picking up more of me tab through tuition increases.Institutions have first turned to reducing spending，only raising tuition prices to(42)__________academic quality.
The best way to mitigate future tuition increases is for state leaders to reinvest in public higher education.With the Great Recession finally behind us—during which states dramatically reduced(43)__________for public colleges and universities— state leaders started reinvesting in public higher education this year,providing a nearly 6%increase in funding.
Maintaining(44)__________to afrordable public colleges is paramount to our nailon’s economic security, social equity and civic vibrancy.It is(45)__________
upon state government，together with public colleges and universities，to ensure this happens.
A. raise
B.disinvested
C.fair
D.reducing
E.reinvest
F.affordable
G.tuition
H.accountable
I.afford
J.funding
K.incumbent
L.maintain
M.access
N.control
O.spending
公立大学必须成为公众信任的对象，担任好学生和纳税人资金的管家。他们应该为成本控制和当务之急的花费(36)负起责任：而此当务之急就是使学生做好准备成为积极的学习者，事业心满满的忙碌公民。他们正在采取各种策略精简开支，以确保其经费(37)担负得起日常开销。主要包括以下措施：(38)消减行政管理的开支，取消低入学率的项目和学生资助服务，节约能源管理和员工卫生保健的成本。
快速上涨的学费或许会让人们觉得机构开支似乎已经不受(39)控制。然而近年来，公立大学中每一个全日制学生的集体(40)消费水平其实是偏低的。
逐步增加学费的主要原因在于，国家为学生预留的开支已经转移到公共高等教育的阵营。现在，各州已经逐步从公共高等教育系统(41)减盗，在这一方面家庭也做出了不少贡献。各机构也首次致力于减少开支，因为只有学费涨价才能(42)维持学术质量。
未来，缓和学费上涨的最佳途径就是领导人重新对公共高等教育进行投资。大萧条期间，各州为公立学院和大学提供的(43)资金明显减少，而在彻底摆脱大萧条后，今年国家领导人开始重新投资公共高等教育，增加了6%的资金投入。
(44)想方设法维持公立大学经费的正常运转，对于国家的经济安全、社会公正和民间活力都是至关重要的。政府和公立大学应该(45)义不容辞地确保这一切正常发生。
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