英语四级阅读长难句结构分析
We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving about。
Evening had now come, the last of Adolf Hitler’s life。
Several neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their street when an announcement comes over the radio that enemy missiles are approaching。
要点分析和参考译文
要点:定语从句“people are moving about”被比较状语“more than ever before in history”分隔。此现象为“分隔定语”
参考译文:我们生活在一个四处奔波甚于历史上任何时期得时代。
要点:the last of Adolf Hitler’s life 作为evening得同位语,因为比较长而放在了句子后面,使句子平衡。
参考译文:夜晚已经来临,这是阿道夫希特勒生命中最后的一个夜晚。
要点:when引导的时间状语从句的主语 an announcement后带有一个that 引导的同位语从句(that enemy missiles are approaching),说明其内容,因为谓语部 分太短,所以将同位语从句置于其后,以保持句子平衡。
参考译文:当广播里传出敌方导弹正在接近,几个邻居都希望在街道的唯一的一个防空洞中寻求完全。
Exercise
I plan to see her soon in England, though not, she reminded me, again at 10 Downing Street。
The cessation of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the life of the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological death is imminent is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family。
With rock,illusion of shared feelings, bodily contact and grunted formulas, which are supposed to contain so much meaning beyond the speech, are the basis of association。
要点:让步状语though not again at 10 Downing Street 被插入语she reminded me所分隔。而且该让步状语是一个省略的结构,全句应为though(it will) not(be)again at 10 Downing Street. 还应看出让步状语所转达的意思正是插入语的宾语所要转达的意思。 she reminded me (it will not be again at 10 Downing Street)。省略和插入的使用使全句的意思得以很好地衔接连贯、结构紧凑,无多余的成分。
参考译文:我打算不久和她在英国见面,不过她提醒我地点不再是唐宁街十号了。
要点:此句话的主谓被很长一段定语成分所分隔,句子主干应是“The cessation...is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family”,由于主干中的is前没有逗号分开,而且前面又出现了一个is imminent,还由于同主语The cessation拉开的距离太远,所以不容易很快找到。When前面的部分如果不注意很容易错误地理解为一个句子,即“The cessation...means to prolong the life of body。”实际上means是个名词,意为“方法,手段”,不是动词“意味着”。而且means前面有个形容词extraordinary作定语,不可能是动词,尽管意思上说得通。when引导的状语从句里带了一个定语从句that biological death is imminent,它们一起插入了主语和谓语之间。把means错当动词和状语带定语的插入使得整句的结构复杂化了,致使主干句的主谓不容易看出来。
参考译文:在有不可反驳的证据表明病人即将进入生理死亡时,停止采取非常措施来延长其生命应该由病人和(或)其直系亲属来作出决定。
要点:主干结构应是illusions...,...contact and ... formulas are the basis of association,但实际上这个主谓结构被一个长定语 which are supposed ...beyond the speech 所分隔。定语 which are supposed to contain so much meaning beyond the speech 所限定的词应该是illusions...contact and ... formulas 三个部分,而不是某一个词。
三、并列平行结构
英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词,如 and、or等,或标点符号如:分号,逗号,破折号等,若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句,以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。这种句式虽然难度不一定很高,但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的.
从今天开始我们就由浅入深,来对这一类型的句子进行练习和攻克。希望大家通过练习能掌握分析这类句式的一般规律和方法。
Exercise
Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the different between life and death when fire breaks out.
The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.
And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.
要点分析和参考译文
要点:句中主语为动名词短语“Keeping……” “crowding”和“pushing”两个动名词是并列平行结构。
参考译文:当火灾发生时,保持冷静,不要向安全出口乱挤乱拥,这样就会使生与死的机会截然不同。
要点:主语the way 有一个很长的定语从句修饰,定语从句中有三个并列的不定式短语作动词“is used”的目的状语即to achieve privacy, to build homes,和to design cities。本句的主干部分为:The way is culturally influenced。
参考译文:怎样利用空间实现个人隐私,修建住宅及规划城市都受到文化上的影响。
要点:neither…nor连接并列主语。“convince”后接“people”作宾语,另外三个“that……”从句并列作convince 的宾语,其中最后一个“that……”从句前省略了“that”补齐则为(that) millions of……。