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初中英语语法:名词解析
语法是语言学的一个分支,研究按确定用法来运用的"词类"、"词"的曲折变化或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系。以下是小编为大家收集的初中英语语法:名词解析,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。
名词解析:
名词复数的特殊变化:普通名词的复数我们知道是直接加-s或 -es,可是偏偏有一些名词不听话,变化不规则。这些小调皮是:
a.class,box,watch,brush等词以 s,x,ch,sh,结尾,复数要加-es;
b.story,factory 等以"辅音字母+y"结尾的词复数要先将-y 变成-i再加-es;
c.knife,wife,life等以-f 或-fe结尾的词一般先将-f或-fe变为-v,再加-es;
d.以-o结尾的名词,一般来说,末尾是"元音字母+o" 的词加-s,我们学过的有radio,zoo。末尾是"辅音字母+o"的词,变复数加-es。如:tomato,hero,potato,当然其中的piano 和photo,又是一个例外,他们的结尾只能加-s。
e.child(children),foot(feet),tooth(teeth),mouse(mice),man(men ),woman(women )等词的复数变化全不遵循规则。
注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如:an Englishman,two Englishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;
f.deer,sheep等词更是懒得可以,竟然单复数同形。好记好记。 people,police,cattle 等词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数,所以它们的谓语当然也是复数形式,这就是集体名词。the English,the French,the Chinese等名词表示国民总称时,也作复数用。
注意:maths,politics,physics等学科名词,虽然以-s结尾,仍为不可数名词。还有theUnited States(美国),the United Nations(联合国)等应视为单数。
别奇怪,名词有时也可以作定语的。它作定语时一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
a.man,woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:men workers, women teachers。
b.数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。如:a ten-mile walk十里路,two-hundred trees 两百棵树。
哇!这些问题好复杂,我好想轻松一下。那我们就轻轻松松地面对名词所有格问题。
这里面内容可谓少之又少,可也不能小视呦。
名词所有格:
表示“……的”通常是在名词的后面加-s,如:Childrens day,fathers shoes。但以-s结尾的名词因为已经有s了,只需加 就OK了。如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,.则表示“分别有”。.如:Johns and Marys room(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);两个名词并列,只有一个s,则表示"共有"。如:John and Marys room(约翰和玛丽共有一间)。
还有些无生命名词的所属要用介词of来帮助一下,如:a map of China,the end of this term。
好,名词部分我们已经学完,Its a piece of cake? 接下来到了我们趁热打铁的时间了,
Are you ready?
练习:
1.All the _____teachers and______students are having a meeting there.
A.women …girls
B.women… girl
C.woman…girls
D.woman…girl
2.Mr Black is a friend of _________.
A.Jacks aunts
B.Jacks aunt
C.Jack aunts
D.aunts of Jack
3.This toy was made by a ____ boy.
A.ten-year-old
B.ten-years-old
C.ten-year-older
D.ten-years-older
4.The farmer raised ten _________.
A.sheeps
B.deers
C.horse
D.cows
5.She looked at us sadly with her eyes as large as_________.
A.her grandmother
B.her grandmothers
C.her grandmothers
D.that of her grandmother
6.We have moved into a ________.
A.two- storey house
B.house of two storey
C.two-storeys house
D.two storeys house
7.The ______ was too much for the child to carry.
A.boxs steel
B.box of a steel
C.steel box
D.box of the steel
8.Well give our English teacher a card for _________.
A.the Teachers Day
B.Teachers Day
C.a Teachers Day
D.Teachers Day
9.Li Ping met an old friend of _______on a train yesterday.
A.he
B.him
C.his
D.her
10._________are big and bright.
A.The classroom window
B.The window of the classroom
C.The windows of the classroom
实战:
1.Dont worry.Your son will come back in ______hour.
A.a
B.an
C.the
D./
2.This nice blouse isnt mine.Its ______.
A.you
B.your
C.Lucy
D.yours
3.Whats " potato" in Chinese? -Its _____ .
A.香蕉
B.大白菜
C.西红柿
D.土豆
4.The ninth month of a year is _______.
A.December
B.November
C.September
D.October
D.The classrooms windows
5.A: Must I leave now?
B: No,you _______.
A.neednt
B.mustnt
C.dont
D.wont
6.We have a history lesson ______Wednesday afternoon.
A.on
B.of
C.at
D.to
7.Suan has made quite ______friends since she came to China.
A.few
B.a few
C.little
D.a little
8.A: Have you ever ______to the West Lake?
B: Yes,I ______there last winter.
A.gone,went
B.been,went
C.gone ,have been
D.been,have
9.Do you ________English?
A.tell
B.say
C.talk
D.speak
10.A: May I _______your ruler?
B: OK,Im glad to _______it to you.
A.lend,borrow
B.lend,lend
C.borrow ,lend
D.borrow,borrow
11.Well go to the museum if it _______tomorrow.
A.cant rain
B.wont rain
C.dont rain
D.doesnt rian
12.Do you know ________?
A.where does he study
B.he studies where
C.where he studies
D.he where studies
13.A: _______do you go to see your grandparents?
B: Once a month
A.How often
B.How long
C.how much
D.how many
14.A: Would you like another cup of orange?
B: ______Im full.
A.No,thanks
B.Yes,please.
C.Here it is.
D.I dont like.
15.You must be tired.Why not ________a rest?
A.to stop to have
B.stop having
C.stop to have
D.to stop having
名词意义及用法:
ble,ice,duck,flag...这些简单的英语单词,它们的名词意义就算对初学英语者来说也一定是小菜一碟,但老外经常把它们当做动词用,它们的动词意义和用法你知道吗?
1.table:名词,桌子;当动词用,是指开会时延期讨论提案等,也就是暂缓审议。(to postpone discussion of a bill or suggestion until future time); 例如:
They tabled the motion at the meeting.
I made the motion and he seconded it.(我提案,他同意。) (second 这里是动词,意思是赞成;to second the motion 也就是附议)
We are tabling this matter until further notice.(我们延期讨论这件事,以后再说。)
2.pride:名词,荣誉;当动词用,是指感到得意或自豪。(to take pride in something)例如:
We prided ourselves on our good work.(我们为自己工作的表现而自豪。)
I have long prided myself on being a good teacher.(我一向以身为一名称职的老师?而自豪。)
注意:to pride oneself on和 to be proud of 或 to take pride in 意思相近,只是用法和后面所跟的介词不同而已。例如:
They take great pride in her daughter who is now a famous scientist.
I am very proud of being a Chinese.
3.carpet:名词,地毯;当动词用,是覆盖的意思 。(to cover something) 例如:
The flower girls carpeted the floor with rose petals before the brides entrance.(新娘进来前,花童将玫瑰花瓣撒满了地板。)
During the winter time my roof is carpeted with white snow.(冬天时我家的屋顶盖满了白雪。)
4.floor:名词,地板;当动词用,是踩足汽车的油门,加速开车或使人惊讶。 (to press accelerator of a car to the floor in order to speed up; or to astonish someone) 例如:
As soon as I saw his gun,I floored my car.(我一见到他有枪,立即踩足油门加速开车。)
When you see a police car,dont floor it.(当你看到警车时,?开快车。)
The news really floored me; I hadnt been expecting it at all.(这个消息真使我吃惊地不知所措,这完全出乎我地意料。)
5.top:名词,顶端;做动词用,是做得更好,或高过某人。 (to do something better or to be taller than someone) 例如:
If he had tried harder,he could have topped his class.(假如他以前用功些,他会在班里(成绩)名列前茅的。)
The tax-cut issue will top todays agenda.(减税问题将是今天的主要议题。)
Mr.Lin tops me by three inches.(林先生比我高三?)
6.flag:名词,旗帜;当动词用,是指打旗号或做手势来传达讯息。 (to give signal for communication) 例如:
When my car broke down,I flagged a police car.(当我的汽车抛锚的时候,我打了个信号招来一辆警车。)
The beach life-guards usually flag one another for communication.(海滨救生员通常用旗号传达讯息。)
7.bridge:名词,桥梁、桥牌;当动词用,是连接或沟通的意思。(to connect) 例如:
The parents are trying to bridge the generation gap with their children.(父母都在设法弥合与儿女的代沟。)
These tax reforms are attempt to bridge the gap between the rich and poor.(这些税收改革旨在弥合贫富之间的差距。)
8.club:名词,俱乐部、高尔夫球棒;当动词用,意思是用棍棒打人。(to beat someone with a stick) 例如:
The security officer should not club any suspect who does not resist arrest.(保安人员对任何没有拒捕的嫌犯都不该用棍棒殴打。)
I saw the police clubbing a suspected robber.(我看到警察用棍棒打了那个抢劫嫌疑犯。)
初中英语阅读技巧:
根据教育部制定的英语课程标准,初中毕业生应达到五级综合语言运用能力。阅读理解是综合语言运用能力的一个重要方面,在中考中所占比重越来越大,这是拉开档次的题目。
阅读理解五级的目标部分描述如下:
1、能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义;
2、能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系;
3、能找出文章中的主题,理解故事的情节,预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局;
4、能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料;
5、能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息;
6、除教材外,课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上(上海的要求更高一些,30万词以上)所谓阅读能力是
指视读能力、理解能力和对所读材料的评价能力。
阅读理解考查的项目大多是根据这三种能力的要求设计的。为了提高阅读理解能力,同学们在做阅读理解时,就要在以下几个方面下功夫:
(一)要注意养成良好的阅读心理阅读时要去掉杂念,心绪要安定,精神要专一,要形成一种惬意的顺向心理。造成大脑皮层的优势兴奋中心。切不可一遇到几个生词难句,就心烦意乱,失去自控能力。心理学家告诉我们,任何恐慌,过分紧张的情绪都会形成一种消极因素妨碍大脑的正常思维功能。因此,遇到困难一定要从容不迫,心无旁骛。这样才能对所读的文章印象清晰,理解深刻。
(二)要提高视读的速度考阅读理解,从另一个方面来说,考的是考试速度。2002年上海英语中考阅读理解文章每篇均达到400词左右。慢读是不行的。因此做阅读理解时,要注意培养自己快速阅读的习惯。阅读时眼球总是不断地移动停顿移动着。理解是在眼停的瞬间进行的。我们要使眼停的时间相对增加,就要扩大视读的广度,把逐词逐句的点式阅读变成一次扫描一句的线式阅读,并且把看到的东西迅速报告给大脑,形成眼脑较快的直映能力。切不可在个别难懂的词句上磨蹭,只要全篇理解了,个别难懂的词句可以根据上下文和构词法去猜测,去推断。
(三)阅读时要注意培养语感所谓语感是指人们对语言中词语搭配及句型结构的熟练程度。语感好的人,理解力就强,视读的速度就快。阅读时要留心词语的搭配,即惯用法。必要时可用笔划一划或记下来。读完每一篇文章,都应总结归纳一下,积累了多少单词,惯用法和句型,这样语感自然就会好起来。
(四)读完一篇文章后,要回味一番对文章的段落结构,中心思想,人物事件,论点论据要做到心中有数。对不清楚的地方可以再看几次。要留心关键词句,注意弦外之音。对文章的评价分析,一定要坚持词不离句,句不离篇,要理解文章作者的原意,而不能按你自己的意愿去想当然。切记:一想当然,就会出错。
如果文章太长,你可以先把文章后面的问题看一遍,带着问题去看文章。这样可以帮助你去掉杂念,提高阅读速度和解题的正确性。要善于找关键句,特别要注意文章的第一段和最后一段的头一句话,往往就是关键句,可以帮助你掌握文章的全貌,理解文章的主题。此外,还应该细读文章,因为有时的试题是考细节。可以边读边用铅笔做点标记,把有关的人物,事件,时间,地点,原因(即五个W,who,what,when,where,why)划出来。凡逢人物就圈起来,看完一数,有几个圈就是几个人,一目了然。