25个英语集合名词的用法
英语中常考的集合名词主要涉及集合名词的可数性、单复数意义、主谓一致、恰当的修饰语等。为了便于理解和记忆,我们将一些常考的集合名词分为以下几类,下面为大家带来25个英语名词的用法,快来看看吧。
1. army的用法
army是一个可数的集合名词,意思是“陆军”“大群”“大批”等。注意以下用法:
(1) 表示军队或陆军,其前通常用定冠词;若与不定冠词或数词连用,则表示一支或几支军队。如:
When I grow up, I’m joining the army. 我长大了要参军。
It was said that it was a modern army. 据说那是一支现代化的军队。
The two armies fought for control of the bridge. 两军为占领那座桥而战。
(2) army作主语时,谓语动词可用单数(视为整体)或复数(侧重个体)。如:
The army was [were] called out to enforce the curfew. 军队被派去强制执行宵禁。
(3) 用于an army of表示“一群……”时,其后通常接可数名词的复数形式;这类结构若用作主语,谓语动词可用单数(视为整体)或复数(侧重个体)。如:
An army of bees were flying around. 一大群蜜蜂到处飞着。
An army of workmen was brought in to build the stadium. 一大批工人被召来修建运动场。
但是,若用armies of…作主语,则谓语动词要用复数。如:
Armies of rescue workers are sorting through the rubble. 救援大军正在碎石中搜寻。
2. audience的用法
(1) audience的意思是“观众”“听众”,用作主语时,其谓语可用单数(视为整体)或复数(视为个体)。如:
The audience was made up of very young children. 观众都是很小的孩子们。
The audience were all moved to tears. 听众都感动得流了泪。
但有时用单数或复数均可以,只是侧重点稍有不同。如:
The audience was [were] very excited by the show. 观众对演出感到非常兴奋。
(2) 由于audience 是集合名词,所以an audience 不是指“一个观众”,而是指某一群观众、某一个场次的观众、某一方面的观众等;同样地,audiences 也不是指“多个观众”,而是指多群观众,多个场次的观众,多个方面的观众等。
另外,audience作为集合名词,原则上不能用它表示个体,但every audience是例外,当要强调每一名观众时,可以这样用。如:
The pianist made a conquest of every audience for which she played. 这位钢琴家以她的演奏征服了每一位听众。
(3) 形容听(观)众人数之多或少,通常用big, large, huge, mass, vast, wide以及small, thin等形容词修饰,但是不用many, few修饰。如:
There was a large audience at the concert. 音乐会有大批观众。
She has never spoken to such a big audience before. 她以前从未向这么多人讲过话。
(4) 要具体表示观众的数量,可参考以下表达。如:
The series has attracted an audience of more than 10 million. 这个系列片吸引了1 000多万观众收看。
There were at least three hundred people in the audience. 观众至少有300人。
不过,偶尔它也可直接受数字(通常为较大的数字)的修饰。如:
Three thousand audience crowded the concert hall. 3 000名听众挤满了音乐大厅。
3. club的用法
club用作集合名词时的意思是“俱乐部的人”;若用作主语,谓语可用单数(视为整体)或复数(侧重其个体)。如:
The tennis club has [have] organized a dance. 网球俱乐部组织了一个舞会。
The club has [have] decided to increase subscriptions. 会所决定增加报刊订阅份数。
4. committee的用法
(1) 用作集合名词,通常指由较大团体所委派以处理某事务的“委员会”。若视为整体,表单数意义;若考虑其个体,则表示复数意义。如:
The committee was composed of elected leaders and citizens. 委员会是由当选的领导人和市民们组成的。
The committee are of the opinion that the time is inopportune. 委员们认为时机不合适。
另外,若后接定语从句,视为复数时,关系代词用who;视为单数时,关系代词用that或which:
The committee who were [which was] responsible for this decision would consider it over again. 对这一决定负责的委员会是会重新考虑它的。
(2) 表示是委员会的成员,通常用(be) on the committee。如:
What is your role on the committee? 你在委员会担任什么工作?
The class delegated six students to serve on the committee. 班里选出6名学生担任学生会委员。
5. crew的用法
(1) 表示飞机或轮船等的全体工作人员,是集合名词,用作主语时其谓语用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体)均可。如:
The crew is large. 工作人员众多。
The plane crashed but the crew are safe. 那架飞机失事了,但机组人员都安然无恙。
The crew of the wrecked yacht were picked up by helicopter. 失事的游艇上的船员们被直升机救起了。
(2) 本身通常不用复数,除非是表示不同船或不同飞机等的全体工作人员。如:
the crews of two ships 两艘船的船员
6. crowd的用法
(1) crowd的意思是“人群”“一伙人”“一帮人”,为集合名词,若用作主语,谓语用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体时)均可。如:
The crowd was [were] dispersed. 人群被驱散了。
The crowd move [moves] on, and no one tries to stop it. 人群向前移动,谁也没试图阻止。
(2) 使用代词指代时,可以用单数代词(视为整体)或复数代词(考虑其个体)。如:
The crowd roared its approval. 群众高呼赞成。
The crowd cheered their favorite horse. 众人为他们喜爱的马加油。
7. enemy的用法
(1) 表示个体意义的“仇敌”“敌人”,是可数名词。如:
Don’t make an enemy of him. 不要与他为敌。
Her father has many enemies. 她爸爸树敌太多。
(2) 表示整体意义的“敌军”“敌人”,是集合名词(可数),常与定冠词连用;若用作主语,谓语可用单数(侧重个体)或复数(侧重整体)。如:
The enemy was [were] forced to retreat. 敌人被迫撤退。
(3) 表示“……的大敌(敌人)”“反对…”,其后可接介词of或to。如:
Conceit is the enemy of [to] progress. 骄傲是进步的大敌。
He’s an enemy of [to] reform. 他反对改革。
8. family的用法
(1) 表示“家庭”“家人”,是集合名词;若视为整体,具有单数意义,若逐个考虑其个体,则具有复数意义。如:
My family is very large [big]. 我家是大家庭。
My family are all very well. 我家里人都很好。
侧重指家庭成员的family有时还可以用all, some之类的词修饰。如:
All my family enjoy skiing. 我的全家人都喜欢滑雪。
I’m moving to London because I have some family there. 我要搬到伦敦去住,因为我的一些家人住在那儿。
(2) 有时family本身可有复数形式,但它表示的不是家里的多个人,而是指多个家庭。如:
The house was built for five families. 这座房子是盖成5户人家住的。
(3) 有时本来是视为整体看待(因为它们用作主语时后面的动词用了单数),但相应的代词却可能用复数。如:
That family is so poor, they can’t afford to buy food. 那家人穷得连吃的都买不起。
That family is too proud to accept money from charity, even though they are very poor. 那家人太要强了,尽管很穷他们也不肯接受慈善机构的钱。
9. gang的用法
gang作为集合名词的意思是“(罪犯有组织的)一帮或一伙”“(闹事的青少年,通常指男性)一群或一伙”“(工人有组织的)一队或一组”“(经常来往的)一伙人”等;若视为整体,具有单数意义,若逐个考虑其个体,则具有复数意义。如:
The whole gang is here tonight. 今晚伙伴们都在这里。
The gang have pulled another bank robbery. 那个团伙又犯下一桩银行抢劫案。
The gang is [are] being hunted by the police. 警方正在追捕这帮匪徒。
The gang were [was] planning a robbery of a bank. 这伙歹徒正在计划抢劫一家银行。
10. generation的用法
(1) generation的意思是“一代人”;若用作主语,谓语动词可用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体)。如:
Each generation has its own standards of judgement. 每一代人都有它自己的判断标准。
The new generation was [were] the first to be raised on processed food. 这新的一代是第一批吃加工食品长大的人。
(2) 汉语说“年轻一代”“年老一代”,看不出有比较意味,但说成英语时却通常是the younger generation,the older generation。如:
The older generation have a different set of values. 老一辈人有一套不同的价值观。
The younger generation smokes less than their parents did. 年轻一代比他们的父辈抽烟抽得少。
11. government的用法
government的意思是“政府”“内阁”;用作主语时,谓语可以用单数(侧重整体)或复数(侧重个体)。如:
The government plans to close 10 coal mines. 政府打算关掉10家煤矿。
The government hopes to better the conditions of the workers. 政府希望改善工作人员的状况。
The government have delayed publication of the trade figures. 政府已将贸易统计数字延后公布。
The Government strongly wish [wishes] the bill passed. 政府强烈希望该议案能被通过。
12. group的用法
(1) group的意思是“群”“团体”“组”“类”“(公司联营的)集团”等,具有集合意义;用作主语时,谓语根据情况可用单数(侧重整体)或复数(侧重个体)。如:
The group is made up mostly of local businesspeople. 那个团队大部分是由本地商人组成的。
The group have split away from the official union. 这一部分人已从正式的联盟中分裂出来了。
Our discussion group is [are] meeting this week. 我们的讨论小组本周开会。
(2) 用于a group of时,其后总是接可数名词的复数;若用作主语,谓语通常用复数(侧重个体),有时也用单数(侧重整体)。如:
A group of children are playing under the big tree. 有一群小孩正在那棵大树下游戏。
A group of girls was [were] waiting at the school gate. 一群女孩子在校门口等着。
13. jury的用法
jury的意思是“陪审团”“(比赛的)评判委员会”,为集合名词;用作主语时,谓语动词可用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体)。如:
The jury is [are] considering its verdict. 陪审团正在考虑裁决。
The jury is [are] about to announce the winners. 评委会即将宣布优胜者。
14. majority的用法
(1) the majority表示“大多数”时,为集合名词;单独用作主语时,其谓语可用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体)。如:
The majority has [have] seen the film. 多数人看过这部电影。
The majority was [were] in favour of banning smoking. 大多数人支持禁烟。
但是若单独用的 the majority后跟有复数表语,则谓语通常要用复数。如:
The majority are young people. 大多数是年轻人。
(2) 用于“the majority of+复数名词”且用作主语时,其谓语动词通常用复数。如:
The majority of our employees are women. 我们的雇员大多数是女性。
The majority of men earn their living by manual labour. 大多数人是以体力劳动为生。
但用于单数也是可能的(即将主语视为一个整体)。如:
The majority of students were [was] indifferent to the political meeting. 大多数学生对政治集会漠不关心。
(3) 按传统语法,the majority of只用于修饰可数名词复数或具有复数意义的集合名词,但在现代英语中也可用于修饰不可数名词,此时若用作主语,谓语动词用单数。如:
The majority of my work is done in the office. 我的大部分工作是在办公室里干的。
The vast majority of alcohol metabolism occurs in the liver. 酒精的代射主要在肝脏。
(3) the majority of习惯上带定冠词,有时也可用不定冠词。如:
A majority of visitors have arrived. 大多数参观者已经到了。
A clear majority of voters were in favour of the motion. 绝大多数选民赞成这一动议。
A [The] majority of people seem to prefer TV to radio. 大部分人似乎喜欢看电视而不喜欢听收音机。
15. management的用法
(1) management的意思是“管理层”“管理人员”“资方”,为集合名词;用作主语时,谓语动词可用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体)。如:
The management is not responsible for articles left in customers’ cars. 管理人员对于留在顾客车内的东西概不负责。
The management are looking for ways of improving productivity. 管理部门正在设法提高生产率。
The management is [are] having talks with the workers. 资方正在与工人谈话。
有时其前可以不用冠词。如:
Management [The management] is [are] considering closing the factory. 主管部门正在考虑把工厂关闭。
(2) 若只是表示“管理”,则表示单数意义。如:
Poor management has sunk the project. 管理不善导致了这个项目失败。
School management is often too detached from the classroom. 学校管理往往太脱离课堂。
16. military的用法
military的意思是“军队”“武装力量”,通常要连用定冠词;用作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数,但有时也用单数。如:
As the police could not keep order in the city, the military were called in to help. 由于警察无法维持城里的秩序,军队被召去加以协助。
The military does not have the weapons it needs to defeat the rebels. 军方没有击败叛军所需的武器。
17. minority的用法
(1) 意为“少数”“少数人”,用于a minority且用作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数,但有时也用单数。如:
Only a tiny minority hold such extreme views. 只有极少数的人持这种极端的观点。
Unfortunately, a small minority want to spoil everyone else’s enjoyment. 很遗憾,少数几个人想破坏其他所有人的兴致。
The nation wants peace; only a minority want(s) the war to continue. 全国人民要和平,只有少数人希望继续打仗。
(2) 用于a minority of,后接复数名词,用作主语时,谓语动词可用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体)。如:
Only a minority of people support these new laws. 只有少数人支持这些新法令。
A minority of children are sexually active before they are in their teens. 少数孩子在十几岁前有性行为。
Only a small minority of students is [are] interested in politics these days. 目前只有极少数学生对政治感兴趣。
18. nation的用法
(1) 表示“国民”“全国人民”时,为集合名词;但用作主语时,谓语动词可用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体)。如:
The nation was at fever pitch in the days leading up to the election. 大选前几天,全国处于狂热的兴奋之中。
The whole [entire] nation was [were] watching the developments of the incident. 全国人民都在关注着此事的'进展。
(2) 若表示“国家”,则表示单数意思。如:
The nation was reunited and slaves were set free. 国家重新统一,奴隶获得了自由。
The nation is in danger of falling into anarchy. 那个国家有进入无政府状态的危险。
19. personnel的用法
(1) 表示“全体人员”时,为总称名词,虽为单数形式,但表示复数意义;用作主语时,谓语要用复数。如:
Our personnel are very highly trained. 我们的人员素质很高。
Army personnel are not allowed to leave the base. 军事人员不准离开基地。
(2) 表示“人事部门”时,其用法值得注意——此时它是不可数名词,不连用不定冠词,也不用复数形式,但它用作主语时谓语动词却可用单数或复数。如:
Personnel has [have] lost my tax forms. 人事部门把我的税收表格弄丢了。
Personnel is [are] organizing the training of the new members of staff. 人事部门正在组织新雇员的培训。
20. population的用法
(1) 表示某地区、城市、国家等的“全体居民”“人口”,或表示聚居于某地区的“一群或一类的人或动物”等,为集合名词,既可表示单数意义(视为整体)也可表示复数意义(考虑其个体)。如:
Most of the population has [have] fled. 大部分居民都逃走了。
A tiny fraction of the population never vote [votes]. 很少一部分人从不投票。
What percent of the population read [reads] books? 识字的人占人口总数的百分之几?
Half the world’s population doesn’t [don’t] get enough to eat. 世界有一半人口没有足够的食物吃。
但是,在某些特定语境中,要注意区分其单数意义与复数意义。如:
One half of the world’s population are Asians. 世界人口有一半是亚洲人。(由于其后的表语是复数,所以系动词以用复数为宜)
The population of Scotland was eight times as large as that of Cornwall. 苏格兰的人口是康沃尔人口的八倍。(此句用单数谓语,因为主语的概括性比较强)
(2) 如果population本身为复数,其后的谓语自然要用复数。如:
Insect populations fluctuate wildly from year to year. 昆虫数量每年变化很大。
Whole populations of natives were wiped out in order that civilisation might advance. 为了文明得以前进,整批整批的土著被消灭了。
(3) 其前不能用数词修饰,也不能与many, few之类的词连用,但在说明数量多少时可用large, high, small等来说明。如:
China’s population is by far the largest of any country. 中国是全世界人口最多的国家。
In 1900 the population of London was higher than it is now. 1900年,伦敦的人口比现在多。
虽然不直接受数量修饰,但受“per+数词”来修饰。如:
the number of live births per 1,000 population 每1000人中的活产婴儿数目
(4) 要表示某地拥有多少人口,一般用“have a population of+基数词”这样的结构。如:
Japan has a population of about a hundred million. 日本人口约有1亿。
若要打听某地的人口数,可用what或how large。如:
How large [What] is the population of China? 中国有多少人口?
21. public的用法
表示“公众”,为集合名词,其前要用定冠词;用作主语,谓语可用单数(侧重整体)或复数(侧重个体)。如:
Give the public what it wants [they want]. 应满足公众的要求。
The public is [are] requested not to walk on the grass. 请大家不要在草地上行走。
The public has [have] a right to know what is contained in the report. 民众有权了解报告的内容。
比较下面两句:
The public is the best judge.=The public are the best judges. 公众是最好的判断者。
22. staff的用法
(1) staff表示“全体人员”,是集合名词,a staff 不是指“一个人员”,而是指某一个单位的“全体人员”;two staffs不是指“两个人员”,而是指某两个单位的“全体人员”。要表示 “一个职员”“一个工作人员”,可说成a staff member或one of the staff。如:
On every trip a staff member brings musical instruments. 每一次旅行时,一个工作人员都会携带乐器。
但如果是复数,则其中的members可以省略。如:
Staff (members) are conversant with the issues. 职工对这些问题很有经验。
(2) 用作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体)。如:
The school’s teaching staff is [are] excellent. 学校师资很不错。
Over half of the staff is female. 半数以上的职工是女性。
Most of our sales staff now work on line. 我们的销售人员现在大多在线开展业务。
注意,类似下面这样的句子,staff前面没有冠词:
Staff are expected to start work punctually at 8.30. 工作人员必须在8点半准时开始工作。
Staff are not permitted to make personal phone calls except in an emergency. 除了有急事,员工不允许打私人电话。
(3) 若语义需要,其前可用some, many, most, all等修饰。如:
Many hospital staff have to work unsocial hours. 许多医务人员必须在非正常时间上班。
All the staff wish you weren’t leaving so soon. 所有的工作人员都希望你不要这么快就离开。
有时还可直接用数词修饰。如:
Six more staff got the chop last week. 上个星期又有6名员工被解雇。
There are plans to axe 2600 staff. 有计划要解雇2600名员工。
(4) 表示“是……的职员”“在……供职”,其前通常用介词on。如:
He’s on the staff of the college. 他在那所大学供职。
23. team的用法
(1) 作为集合名词,用作主语时,其谓语动词根据情况可用单数(侧重整体)或复数(侧重个体)。如:
Which team is the best? 哪个队打得最好?
The football team are having a rest. 足球队队员们在休息。
(2) a team of后接复数名词,表示“一组(群,批) ……”。如:
The exam questions are set by a team of experts. 考试题是由一个专家组命制的。
这类结构若用作主语,其后的谓语动词可用单数(侧重整体)或复数(侧重个体)。如:
A team of divers was sent down to examine the wreck. 派了一个潜水队去对沉船进行检查。
A team of volunteers were putting up posters. 一批志愿者在张贴海报。
(3) 表示某人在某个队或是某个队的队员,其前可用介词on或in。如:
They are in [on] the same football team. 他们是同一个足球队的(成员)。
24. troop的用法
(1) 表示“军队”“部队”,习惯用复数形式;若用作主语,谓语也用复数。如:
Rebel troops have captured the city. 叛军夺取了该城。
Troops were used to put down the rebellion. 动用了军队镇压叛乱。
(2) 有时可代替soldiers表示“士兵”,但它一般不与具体数字(尤其是较小的数字)连用,如“两个士兵”一般不能说成two troops,可说two soldiers。不过它可以与较大的数字以及不确定的数目连用。如:
many troops 许多士兵
five hundred troops 500士兵
thousands of troops 数千士兵
(3) 若用于名词前作定语,则用单数。如:
The troop withdrawal is scheduled to begin the day after the ceasefire. 部队撤离安排在停火后的一天开始。
(4) 用于a troop of,后接复数名,表示“一群”“大量”“许多”等,用作主语时,其谓语动词根据情况可用单数(侧重整体)或复数(侧重个体)。如:
A troop of guests was moving towards the house. 一群客人向那房子走去。
A troop of boys were playing at the edge of a pond. 一群孩子正在池边玩耍。
25. workforce的用法
workforce表示“工人总数”或“职工总数”,是集合名词;用作主语时谓语可用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体)。如:
The workforce in this area is well-educated and very reliable. 这个地区的劳动力教育程度高,而且非常可靠。
Our workforce are completely dependable. 我们的工作人员的能力完全可靠。
扩展:
英语集合名词整理,你都会了吗
(一)形式为单数,但意义可以用为单数或复数
这类集合名词包括family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等,其用法特点为:若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。
比较并体会:
His family is large. 他的家是个大家庭。
His family are all waiting for him. 他的一家人都在等他。
This class consists of 45 pupils. 这个班由45个学生组成。
This class are reading English now. 这个班的学生在读英语
(二)形式为单数,但意义永远为复数
这类集合名词包括cattle(牛),people(人),police(警察)等,其用法特点为:只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语用复数;不与 a(n) 连用,但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。如:
People will laugh at you. 人们会笑你的。
The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。
Many cattle were killed for this. 就因为这个原因宰了不少牛。
注:表示牛的头数,用单位词 head(单复数同形)。如:
five head of cattle 5头牛,fifty (head of ) cattle 50头牛
(三)形式为复数,意义也为复数
这类集合名词包括goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等,其用法特点是:只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语也用复数),但通常不与数词连用。如:
Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season. 衣服在雨季不易干。
Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵。
If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer. 如果货物质量不好,则理应向制造商提出控诉。
(四)形式为单数,意义也为单数
这类集合名词包括baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景), jewelry(珠宝), equipment(设备)等, 其用法特点为:是不可数名词,只用单数形式,不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式。如:
Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有的行李都托运了吗?
The thief stole all her jewelry. 小偷把她所有的首饰都偷走了。
The hospital has no decent equipment. 这家医院没有像样的设备。
The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry. 人们认为唐朝是中国诗歌的全盛时期。
注:machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery等相应的个体可数名词是 machine, poem, jewel, scene等。如:
a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗
many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 许多机器
(五)常见的集合名词
除上面提到的四类集合名词外,以下几个集合名词也应重点注意:
1. hair(头发,毛发):指全部头发或毛发时,为集合名词(不可数);指几根头发或毛发时,为个体名词(可数)。如:
My hair has grown very long. 我的头发已长得很长了。
The police found two hairs there. 警察在那儿找到了两根头发。
2. mankind(人类):是一个不可数的集合名词,不用复数形式,也不连用冠词。如:
This is an invention that benefits mankind. 这是一项造福人类的发明。
Mankind has its own problems. 人类有自己的问题
注:mankind 表示“人(类)”时,虽不可数,但有时却可以表示复数意义,尤其是当其表语是复数时。如:
Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的动物。
3. fruit(水果):作为集合名词,它通常是不可数的。如:
He doesn’t eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。
He is growing fruit in the country. 他在乡下种水果。
但是,当要表示种类时,它可视为可数名词,即a fruit 指一种水果,fruits 指多种水果。比较:
Some fruits have thick skins. 有些水果皮很厚。
The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一种蔬菜,而不是一种水果