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英语介词短语在句中的作用

时间:2022-04-29 15:59:43 基础英语 我要投稿

英语介词短语在句中的作用

  导语:介词不能单独在句子当中担当成分,它后面必须接名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类搭配(介词+宾语)构成介词短语;和动词搭配构成短语动词,然后才能够在句子当中充当成分。下面是小编整理的英语介词短语在句中的作用,欢迎参考!

英语介词短语在句中的作用

  一、介词的搭配与选择

  介词不能在句子中独立充当一个成分,而需要与其后面的宾语相结合,成为介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。所以选用什么介词要根据其后面所接的宾语而定。但是,有时介词也受其前面用词的限制,因此,许多情况下也应根据介词前面的词选用相应的介词。

  二、介词的语法功能

  介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分,构成介词短语。介词短语可以作定语(须后置)、状语、表语、宾语补足语、另一个介词的宾语,间或作主语等。

  例如:

  The skyscraper in the distance isa five-star hotel.(定语)

  Her eyes were tired from long reading.(状语)

  The decision is of great importance to me.(表语)

  They found the machine in a bad state.(宾语补足语)

  A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.(介词宾语)

  On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.(主语)

  三、介词的分类

  介词是用于名词词组或相当于名词词组的结构之前,表示词语之间意义关系的词类。 英语常用的介词大致可分为四类:

  1.简单介词

  顾名思义,简单介词是指由一个单词构成的介词,也是使用最频繁的一类介词。简单介词也可能由形容词、副词、分词、名词、连词等转变而来。常用的简单介词有:

  at,about,above,across,after,among, against,before,behind,below,beside,between,beyond,but,despite,during,except,for,in,of,on,over,near,past, round,since,through,till,until,with,up等。

  2.合成介词

  指由介词+其它介词或副词构成的介词。常用的合成介词有:

  inside,into,onto, outside,throughout,towards,within,without等。

  3.二重介词

  指由两个单一的介词并列在一起,作为一个介词使用并表达一个完整意思的介词。常见的二重介词有:

  from among,from behind,from under,until /till after等。介词短语在句中的作用

  4.短语介词

  指由介词+介词、介词+名词、介词+分词、介词+动词、介词+形容词、介词+副词等构成的短语.常用的有:

  according to, along with,in front of,by means of,in spite of,together with,with regard to等。短语介词与介词短语不同。介词短语是由介词加宾语构成,本身可作句子成分,如定语或状语等,可单独使用;而短语介词是用作介词的短语,不可独立使用,本身不能作句子成分,后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等。

  四、介词的宾语

  介词的`宾语可以是名词、代词或其他词类或句子等。例如:

  名词:The car ran into a wall,and two men were killed.

  代词:Wherever he went,he carried the photo with him.

  形容词:Your plan is far from perfect.

  副词:I can't see the tower clearly from here.She came from afar.

  动名词:He entered the room without taking off his hat.

  不定式:He did nothing but cry.

  介词短语:She often studies till after midnight.

  数词:In nine out often he won't come.

  疑问词+不定式:The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle.

  疑问词引导从句:He does not care about who will be promoted.

  that引导的从句:Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak.

  五、介词短语的句法功能

  1.作定语

  The key to the door is missing.

  2.作表语

  As we know, Japanis to the east of China.

  3.作状语

  1) On Sundays, the family are mostly out. (时间状语)

  2) On top of the hill stands a TV tower. (地点状语)

  3)All the work must be done by hand. (方式状语)

  六、介词的复合结构

  1. 介词+宾语+形容词

  He is used to sleeping with all the windows open.

  2. 介词+宾语+分词

  The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched.

  3. 介词+宾语+不定式

  The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me.

  4. 介词+宾语+副词

  The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on.

  5. 介词+宾语+介词短语

  The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm.

  七、介词的叠用

  在少数介词之后还可接另一个介词短语,也就是我们所称的二重介词。如:

  The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl.

  介词+and+介词

  Not knowing what to do, the worried officer walked up and down the room.

  There are many trees in and outside the town.

  八、介词的固定搭配

  在英语中固定搭配的介词词组和短语介词很多,平时需要加强记忆。此处讲解几个常见的动词与介词的固定搭配,并且就较容易混淆的介词搭配进行比较、分辨。

  1.act as 担任 act for 代理

  2.apply to 应用于,适合于,向……申请 apply for 申请,要求

  3.belong to 属于 belong in住在,应该…… belong with 应归于(类别,范畴等)

  4.call on 号召,请求,拜访 call at 探访(at后接地方) call in 请医生,召集,收集 call to 高声唤(某人)

  5.compare with 跟……相比较 compare to 把……比作,与……相比

  6.correspond with 与……通信;适合 correspond to 相当于

  7.deal in 做生意,经营(=engage in) deal with 对付,论及,与……交往(=cope with)

  8.play with 玩(某物) play at玩(某种游戏) play on 玩(某种乐器)

  9.suffer from 患(病),受……祸患.

  10.wait on 伺候 wait for等待

  九、常易混用介词的区别

  1. 表示“上、下”等方位的介词。

  2. 表示地点的in和at的区别

  a) at表示位置,in表示“在…内”如:

  — Where is he? — He is at the cinema. (问话者想知道的是位置)

  — Is he in the cinema? — Yes, he is. (问话者可能已经在影院门外)

  b) at表示小地点,in表示大地点

  They arrived at the village at seven.

  They arrived in Beijing at seven.

  3. in, to和on在方位名词前的区别

  in表示在某范围之内;to表示某范围之外的地方;on表示“毗邻、接壤”

  Taiwanlies in the east ofChina.

  Taiwanlies to the east of the mainland ofChina.

  Mongolia (蒙古) is (lies) on the north of China.

  4. 表示时间的in和after

  用于将来时态时,in后面接“时段”;after后面接“时点”。试比较:

  He will be back in five hours.

  He will be back after five o'clock.

  after后面也可接“时段”,但应该用在过去时态的句子中。

  They came back after five days.

  十、常见考法

  一些常见介词如in, at, for, to, by, on, against, between, along, below, with, as等的辨析;

  一些介词短语如next to, far from, out of, due to, in all, in fact, in short, in return, in search of, in place of, for lack of, for fear of, by nature, in case, by chance 的辨析.

  十一、误区提醒

  1. 一些介词的基本用法不清;2. 一些多义介词的用法弄混;3. 一些介词短语不会灵活运用。

  【典型例题】

  1.Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are ____ everyone's enjoyment.

  A.in B. at C. for D. to

  解析: 错选D。for everyone's enjoyment 意为“为了大家欣赏”,for在此处为一基本用法,但受to one's joy的影响错选答案。正确答案为C。

  2. So far, we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy, but it is ____ ideal. We have to work still harder.

  A. next to B. far from C. out of D. due to

  解析:错选C。next to 挨着,far from 远非,out of 出于,due to 因为,根据意思,有空的句子要表达“但还很不理想”。正确答案为B。

  英语介词学习口诀

  介词preposition缩写prep.,又叫前置词,表示其后的名词或代词(或是相当于名词的其他短语或从句)与其他句子成分的关系。介词是一种虚词,不能单独在句中作成分。

  口诀1:

  年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。

  要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏用at,黎明用它也不借。

  at也在时分前,说“差”用to,说“过”要用part。

  口诀2:

  in在……里, out在……外,在旁边的是beside,靠近的为by 。

  on在……上,under在……下, above在上头, below在底下。

  口诀3:

  this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。

  接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。

  over、under正上下,above、below则不然,若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。

  beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。

  besides,except分内外,among之内along沿。

  同类比较except,加for异类记心间。

  口诀4:

  before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。

  before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。

  since以来during间,since时态多变换。

  与之相比beside,除了last but one。

  口诀5:

  ①早、午、晚要用in 例:

  in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午

  in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天

  ②黎明、午、夜、点与分用at 例:

  at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候 at noon 在中午

  at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜 at six o‘clock 在6点钟

  at 7:30 (seven thirty) 在7点半 at half past eleven 在11点半

  at nine fifteen 在9点15分 at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分

  at the weekend 在周末

  ③年、月、年月、季节、周用in。 例;

  in 1986 在1986年 in 1927 在1927年 in april 在四月

  in march 在三月 in december 1986 1986年12月 in july l983 1983年7月

  in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季

  in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周

  ④阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 雨用in,在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。

  例:don’t read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。

  they are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。

  they are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。

  he went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。

  in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下

  the woman in white 穿着白色衣服的妇女

  ⑤将来时态in.以后 例: they will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。

  i‘ll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。

  we’ll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。

  come and see me in two days‘ time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始)

  after.(从过去开始)

  ⑥小处at大处in

  i’m in liaoning, at anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市.

  有形with无形by,语言 、单位、材料in

  例:the workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)

  the teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen.

  这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)

  “taking tiger mountain by strategy” is a good opera.

  《《智取威虎山》》是-出好戏。(无形)

  the product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法--无形)

  i really can‘t express my idea in english freely in-deed.

  我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用in)

  the kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system.

  公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用in )

  this board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。

  ⑦特征、方面与方式、心情成语惯用in

  特征或状态:

  they found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。

  he has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。

  the house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。

  her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。

  还有一些心理短语也用in,如: in jest 诙谐地,in joke 开玩笑地,in spite 恶意地, in fairness 公正地,in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大,in sorrow 伤心地等。

  ⑧介词at、to表方向,攻击、位置、善、恶、分“。

  介词at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向时,侧重于攻击的目标,往往表示恶意;用to表示方向时,突出运动的位置或动作的对象,侧重表示善意。

  she came at me. 她向我扑过来。

  she came to me. 她向我走过来。

  he shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。

  he shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说

  she talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。

  she talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢。

  she threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。

  she threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃

  常考的英语介词短语

  一. at 短语

  be angry at sth. 对某事生气

  arrive at 到达……(小地方)

  knock at/on 敲……

  at last 最后,终于

  laugh at 嘲笑

  look at 看,注视

  at the moment 现在,此时

  point at/to 指向

  at times 不时

  二. after 短语

  look after 照看,照顾

  name after 以……的名字命名

  run after 追赶;追求

  三. on 短语

  agree on (通过协商)达成共识

  call on 拜访,看望

  come on 快点儿;加油

  on display 在展出

  hang on 稍等,别挂断

  on holiday 度假,休假

  play a joke on 和……开玩笑,戏弄……

  keep on 继续

  live on 以……为食,靠……生活

  put on 穿上;戴上

  turn on 打开,旋开(收音机、电灯、煤气等)

  work on 从事于,致力于

  四. to 短语

  agree to 同意,答应,接受(计划、建议、条件、安排等)

  go to bed 上床睡觉

  compare...to... 把……与……作比较

  from...to... 从……到……

  get to 到达

  do harm to 对……有害处

  lead to 通往;导致

  pay attention to 注意

  to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是

  take...to... 把……带到/给……

  write to... 写信给……

  五. in 短语

  arrive in 到达……(大地方)

  in danger 在危险中

  drop in 顺便拜访

  hand in 交上,上交

  join in 参加

  in a moment 马上,立即

  take part in 参加

  take pride in 以……为荣

  in surprise 吃惊地,惊讶地

  六. of 短语

  be afraid of 害怕

  take care of 照顾;处理

  make fun of 嘲笑……

  instead of 代替;而不是

  hear of 听说……

  speak of 谈到,提起

  think of 考虑;想出;认为

  七. about 短语

  care about 担心;关心

  be worried about 担心

  think about 考虑

  八. for 短语

  call for 需要,要求;提倡,号召

  care for 关怀,照顾

  except for 除了……之外

  fight for 为……而战

  leave for... 前往……,去……

  look for 寻找

  for a moment 一会儿

  pay for sth. 为……付款

  send for 派人去请

  九. away 短语

  give away 分发;赠送

  put away 收好,放好

  take away 拿走,带走

  throw away 扔掉

  十. out 短语

  break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生,爆发

  out of breath 上气不接下气

  find out 发现

  give out 分发

  go out 出去

  make out 理解,明白

  point out 指出

  run out 用完

  sell out 卖完

  send out 发出

  set out 动身,出发;开始,着手

  take out 取出,拿出

  turn out 证明是,结果是

  work out 算出;解决