托福写作小范围预测独立写作18篇
NO.10
综合写作：
The reason for the rise of Roman Empire
罗马帝国崛起的原因
READING
3 possible reasons.
1.Strong Army.拥有强大的军队
尽管本身人口少，但是占领别人国土后，鼓励外国人加入军队。
2.Unchallenged power of emperor
君主拥有强大的权利别人对他的决定不得有异议
3.Wealth coming from high taxes.
施行高税收增加经济实力，使其更加丰饶昌盛
Against.
反对
1.士兵中大部分都不是本国人，有的还和敌人是同族，他们并不忠诚，甚至想要build their own army
2.后期统治者做了很多错误的决定，可是没有人能反驳，比如为了自己的私欲建造了很多的宫殿palaces这反而削弱weaken了罗马得实力。
3.在罗马帝国崛起的过程中，正是由于税收过高，大多数农民都承受不起，所以怀恨在心，最后投向了敌人。
NO.11
综合写作：
保持产品热销的方法
READING
3 possible solutions.
1.Launch a new version of products and appeal new customers
在原有产品基础上推出改良产品。例子是soft beverage
2.Produce a related product
生产配套的产品,举例：卖tractors的公司开始卖 boots
3.Two companies run a partnership
多个厂商之间可以合作，比如冰淇淋的工厂可以和巧克力工厂合作产生巧克力冰淇凌
LISTENING
Against.
反对
1.有些老顾客会觉得老的产品是过时的而买新产品，那么总销量就会下降
New versions of products will offend the previous old consumers because they will feel old-fashioned if they still purchase the old versions. The overall sales will decrease.
2.配套产品如果不好，还会破坏原产品的销量。
People buy the tractors because they represent certain qualities like toughness. But that doesn’t mean the boots have the same quality. The company’s reputation will decline due to the failure of the boots with bad quality.
3.合作关系会转为竞争关系
Although the combination products can attract consumers at the beginning, the chocolate company will later considering launching ice cream and become a competitor of its partner.
NO.12
综合写作：
The decrease of human brain
人脑缩小的原因
READING
3 possible explanations.
1.Climate change.
Small body can adjust to hot temperatures, so human brain shrinks in accordance with the body.
2.Changes of agricultural lifestyle.
Smaller brain fits the diet when people start eating grain, with protein and vitamin in it.
3.Changes in human muscle mass
Human muscles have shrunk, which leads to the decline of muscle-controlling brain.
Against.
反对
1.过去温度也在变化，但人脑持续变大，所以人脑大小和气温无关
The size of human brain has nothing to do with temperatures. The brain keeps getting larger and large no matter temperatures go up or fall down.
2.有些地区最近才有生活方式的`改变，但人脑变小在全球几乎是同一时间发生，所以不可能。
Lifestyle appears in different times. There was no such trend in Australia and South Africa until recently. Yet the decline of human brain occurs at the same time around the world. So this assumption cannot be true.
3.肌肉群知识略有缩小，而人脑变小了很多，所以这不可能是主要原因。
The size of human muscle mass only decrease slightly, yet brain size gets much smaller. So this cannot be the major reason.
NO.13
综合写作：m类生物 vs p类生物
READING
weaknesses.
1.M幼崽在pouch腹袋里器官发育得不如P好，而且immune system有缺陷.
2.M生物lack abilities to adapt to environment
例子：control body temperature比p生物要低
3.M生物cannot compete with P生物
例子：Australia近100年才出现p但是m一直都在，m却竞争不过而数量少
Against.
反对
1.Pouch里organism得到保护长得很好， 在pouch里喝奶成长immune system也正常
2.M体温低时一种长期进化的过程，温度低可以save energy为了减少消耗
3.在澳大利亚，两种五种coexist了数百万年live side to side，长期处于竞争关系而且大部分情况下M赢得了great success
NO.14
综合写作：住在American southwest的一群人的消失
REDAING
Caused by drought.
由干旱引起
1.Documented global warming.有全球变暖的记录
2.Irrigation system有很多大坝类的储水工程
3.文化发展了人口增长了，干旱使得事物短缺所以他们选择了移居别处
Against.
反对
1.Global warming 可能确实减少了降水量，但是在他们聚居地周围发现的树显示当时的降雨量并没有那么少实际上，从对树的分析来看当时的降雨量足够他们种庄稼了。