托福阅读无须读懂每字每句的方法
导语：许多托福考生认为阅读文章时必须要读懂每字每句，事实上，这是不必要的。很多时候，即使遇到陌生的词，根据上下文甚至自己的一些常识，也不会影响对文章的理解。特别是托福阅读这种信息量大，题目涉及面广的形式，掌握一定的阅读和答题技巧，对应对托福阅读是有很大帮助的。
科学的阅读方法
关于阅读方法只是对在有限时间内有效阅读托福文章的方法进行一个简单的介绍。阅读技巧，特别是速度技巧中，有两个重要的方法:Skimming&Scanning.
Skimming是只看主要大意的速读。一篇文章的大意是有重点的。比如，当出现first second的这种归类总结的地方，或because，as a result这样的因果关系，或是 but，however的`语意转折处，都需要格外留心。托福文章讲述主要观点之后通常会有for example来佐证，如果看懂了主要观点，那么对示例所用的时间和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍阅读文章意图抓住文章大意时是非常重要的。
Scanning是“扫描”，但具体到阅读中，大家最熟悉的莫过于查词典时。在有意识地去查某个生词的时候，我们不会去把它所在的页上每一个字都看一遍才找到想要的。几乎眼睛对词典中的一页扫一下，脑中只有要找的字，看到它，其他的地方都像没有看到一样。在托福的阅读中，scanning的技巧在回答问题时，根据题干中问到的内容，在文章中scan，可以帮助考生准确地定位，找到答案。
以上两种是在托福阅读中最常用也是最有效的技巧，在下面的阅读方法讲解中，我们还会有具体的示例和运用。
托福的文章长度大多在300-400字之间。以平均每篇读10分钟计算，按照每分钟阅读150字的速度，一篇文章从头到尾通读，至少需2-3分钟。这可了解文章的大意，但不一定保证读得透彻。在第一遍通读的过程中，考生不要期望每个字都一定要理解，遇到不懂的字不必多逗留或苦思冥想可能的意思，这样会浪费时间的。只需一直往下看，用前面介绍到的skimming原则，掌握文章的主旨即可。这个过程中，文章的第一段，尤其是每段的第一句话往往起着提纲挈领或起承转合的作用，是阅读时要多留心的地方。以下面的考题为例:
Questions 1-9
Line
In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington. in Seattle. engaged a firm of landscape architectsspecialists in the design of outdoor environmentsOImsted Brothers of Brookline Massachusettsto advise them on an Line appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed the university officials 5 and in time many of its recommendations were implemented. City officials in Seattle the largest city in the northwestern United States were also impressed for they employed the same organization to study Seattle's public park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation and subsequent report on Seattle's parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should be adapted to the local topography utilize the area‘s trees and shrubs and be available to 10 the entire community. They especially emphasized the need for natural serene settings where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city. The essence of the Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway twenty miles long that would tie together a whole series of parks playgrounds and parkways. There would be local parks and squares too but all of this was meant to supplement the major driveway15 which was to remain the unifying factor for the entire system. In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report and it automatically became the master plan for the city‘s park system. Prior to this report Seattle‘s park development was very limited and funding meager. All this changed after the report. Between 1907 and 1913 city voters approved special funding measures 20 amounting to $4,000,000. With such unparalleled sums at their disposal with the Olmsted guidelines to follow and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909 the Parks Board bought aggressively. By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1?400 acres? as well as 400 acres in playgrounds pathways? boulevards and triangles. More lands would be added in the 25 future but for all practical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that established Seattle‘s park system.
通读过一遍之后，即使没能记住很多细节问题，也应对出现多次的city‘s park system，plan等字有较深的印象。有经验的阅读者会对文章中频频出现的年代概念比较敏感。一般年代的顺序出现，通常文章的主题都是在描述某件事物的发展过程。可以基本了解的是，这篇文章是讲述有关城市公园发展历程的。
读提纲，把握题型，找到中心词
接下来一步，就需要快速地浏览一下9道选择题的题干了。阅读题干可做到对第二次阅读目的了然于胸。托福的考查方面一般来说有几点:文章主旨、文章细节、词汇理解。从近几年的托福题中不难发现，大约30%甚至的考查重点都是词汇方面的，而真正的细节或主旨考查题最多占到40%.也就是说，考生可以根据题目将第二次阅读的重点有所机动。
上文题目1. What does the passage mainly discuss﹖ (文章主旨题)
A The planned development of Seattle's public park system
B The organization of the Seattle city government
C The history of the OImsted Brothers architectural firm
D The design and building of the University of Washington campus
2. The word ″engaged″ in line 2 is closest in meaning to (词汇)
A trained ?B hired ?C described ?D evaluated
3. The word "subsequent" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(词汇)
A complicated ?B alternate ?C later ?D detailed
4. Which of the following statements about parks does NOT reflect the views of the Olmsted Brothers firm﹖ (细节)
A They should be planted with trees that grow locally.
B They should provide a quiet? restful environment.
C They should be protected by limiting the number of visitors from the community.
D They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area.
5. Why does the author mention ″local parks and squares″ in lines 13-14 when talking about the Olmsted plan﹖ (理解)
A To emphasize the difficulties facing adoption of the plan
B To illustrate the comprehensive nature of the plan
C To demonstrate an omission in the plan
D To describe Seattle's landscape prior to implementation of the plan
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about how citizens of Seattle received the Olmsted Report?(细节)
A They were hostile to the report's conclusions.
B They ignored the Olmsteds' findings.
C They supported the Olmsteds' plans.
D They favored the city council's seeking advice from another firm.
7. According to the passage? when was the Olmsted Report officially accepted as the master plan for the Seattle public park system﹖ (细节)
A 1903 B 1907 C 1909 D 1913
8. The word "sums"in line 20 is closest in meaning to (词汇)
A problems B amounts C services ?D debts
9. According to the passage which of the following was most directly influenced by the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition?(理解)
A The University of Washington
B Brookline? Massachusetts
C The mayor of Seattle
D The Seattle Parks Board
例如，9道题中有3道是考查词汇的近义词的;1道文章主旨题(通常是每篇文章必考的，出现于第一题或最后一题);3道细节题;2道理解题。文章主旨题通过第一遍阅读考生就应已经形成了一个基本的概念，第二次阅读只是验证和加强理解的过程。3道词汇题对于词汇量较大的考生来说，可能不需再看文章就能做答。但是由于英语词汇通常不只有一个意思，建议考生还是应该把该词在文章中的位置找出，结合上下文确认其真正词意。
对于细节题和理解、推理方面的题型，抓住题干中的中心词，找到其在文章中相对应的篇幅非常重要。例如第4题， 其中的中心词为the views of the Olmsted Brothers firm.用快速scanning的方法，集中注意力于出现这个词组的地方，在原文中很容易找到与题干中中心词相对应的 ″He and his brothers believed″ ，详见原文下划线处。
与题目对比
A They should be planted with trees that grow locally.
B They should provide a quiet? restful environment.
C They should be protected by limiting the number of visitors from the community.
D They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area.
原文中提到了local topography the area's trees and shrubs escape from the city quite restful ，唯独没有C项。所以答案很容易找出。
除了以上三点，掌握准确的定位方法对做题也是非常关键的。