托福TPO24综合写作范文及材料原文
因为化石里面的动物活性组织大部分都被矿物质代替了，所以动物化石很难帮助人们研究动物的软组织。当时科学家们发现一个7千万年前的霸王龙化石中可能存在真正的动物软组织。下面是小编分享的关于这方面的托福TPO24综合写作范文材料，希望能对大家有所帮助!
托福TPO24综合写作范文
The reading passage points out three evidences that indicate the existence of actually tissue in dinosaur fossil. However, the professor doubts the accuracy of
these evidences. In fact, he offers some alternative explanations for the substances found in the fossil.
First and foremost, he challenges the existence of blood vessels. Instead, he points out that bacteria may occupy the hollows inside the bones. Therefore, it is highly possible that the soft substance in the branching channels of the bone is the moist residue of bacteria, rather than blood vessels of the dinosaur.
Moreover, the professor casts doubt about the red substance in sphere, which according to the reading passage is the remain of red blood cells. In fact, the professor claims that this red substance was also found in some other animals, which lived in the same place but had no red blood vessels at all. The professor argues that the sphere can be pieces of red minerals.
Additionally, the professor doubts the existence of collagen in the fossil. On the contrary to the reading passage, he points out that the earliest collagen that has ever found is in fossils 100000 ago. It is unlikely for collagen to last for more than 70 million years. As a result, the professor suggests that the collagen may come from recent sources, such as the skin of researchers who handed the fossil.
托福TPO24综合写作阅读材料：
Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a
70-‐million-‐year-‐old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still
contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when
researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
动物化石很难帮助人们研究动物的软组织，这是因为化石里面的动物活性组织大 部分都被矿物质代替了。最近，发现一个 7 千万年前的霸王龙化石中可能存在 真正的动物软组织。这令科学家们非常兴奋。科学家小心翼翼地打开了霸王龙腿 骨的时候，发现里面存在着可能为血管、血红细胞和胶原蛋白基质的物质。
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
首先，打开腿骨化石之后，科学家发现了内部有一些管状分支，这些管状分支可 能是骨内血管存在的地方。令人兴奋的是在这些管状分支中存在着柔软的有机物 质。这些柔软的物质可能是霸王龙真正血管的遗留痕迹。
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
第二，通过显微镜对骨内部多处进行详细检查之后发现了一些可能是血红细胞化 石的球状体。检测发现这些球状体里面还有铁，而铁在血红细胞往组织内输送氧气的过程中扮演重要角色。而且，这些球状体中间呈红色，而含有铁元素的物质
往往是红色的`，同时这些球状体的大小也符合血红细胞。
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-‐called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
第三，科学家的测试发现这个恐龙腿骨化石中还有胶原蛋白。胶原蛋白是一种纤 维化蛋白质，是生物骨组织的重要组成部分，以胶原蛋白基质的形式存在。胶原 蛋白或者其衍生物是一种存在于骨骼软组织中的生化物质。
托福TPO24综合写作听力材料：
As much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.
尽管我们都希望这些化石是真正的恐龙组织，但是还是有一些很有说服力的理由 让我们怀疑阅读部分的发现。
First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn’t necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacteria lived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.
首先，骨管内柔软而有延展性的物质不一定就是血管的化石。它更大的可能性是 别的东西。那是什么呢?你们可能会问。恩，在有机体死亡很久之后，细菌可能 会聚集在骨骼里的空洞的地方，比如那些曾经是血管存在的地方。当细菌在骨骼 内部繁殖后，细菌常常会留下有机物质的痕迹。在阅读部分，研究人员鉴定为血管的物质很可能就是细菌繁殖后留下的湿软残渣的痕迹。
All right. What about the iron-‐filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probably have a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.
恩，那么那些含铁的球状体呢?问题在于科学家们在同一个地方发现了其他还有 动物的还有红色球状体的化石。这些化石中有的是属于一些活着的时候没有任何 血红细胞的低等动物。显然，如果这些球状体出现在那些没有任何血红细胞的动 物化石组织里的话，那么这些球状物就不可能是血红细胞的残留物。这些球状体 可能有完全不同的来源。它们可能只是一些红色矿物质颗粒。
Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen in animal
remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn’t come from the T.rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone.
第三，胶原蛋白。问题在于我们从来没有在超过十万年的动物化石中发现胶原蛋白。胶原蛋白可能不能存在超过一万年。在生活在七千万年前的动物化石里发现 胶原蛋白是同我们对于胶原蛋白存在时间的认识相矛盾的。这种可能性太低了。 最为合理的解释是这些胶原蛋白不是来自于霸王龙，而是来自于其他的，更近的来源。比如，人类的皮肤中还有胶原蛋白，所以这些胶原蛋白可能来自于那些处理化石的研究人员的皮肤。
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