美国CPA考试试题解答
1.Fair value 是exit price 还是entry price? (M7)
Question:
According to FAS 157, the fair value at initial recognition is:
a. The price paid to acquire the asset
b. The price paid to transfer or sell the asset
答案选择a, 但是我在课上清楚记得关于fair value是Exit price (脱手价格),但是答案解释中说是entry price?
Answer:
有关fair value measurement的定义,请参阅书P134(Wiley, 2009 version)第四行,它明确指出SFAS157 defines FV as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (at exit price),这个应该是相对于卖方而言,是它的脱手价格。 而这个题目中有写at initial recognition,那么我认为这是相对于买方而言,是入账价格 (at entry price)。
2.有关LIFO reserve。(M8)
Question:
有一个概念是关于:LIFO reserve, 它是inventory的contra account,它的目的是便于不同report之间的转换吗?关于书中(FAR 2009 Wiley P197第27题)的一道有关LIFO reserve的题目不是很明白。
Answer:
有关LIFO reserve,在书中可以找到相应的解释:P187倒数第二个段落(Wiley, 2009 version),when a company uses LIFO for external reporting purposes and another inventory method for internal purposes, a LIFO reserve account is used to reduce inventory from the internal valuation to the LIFO valuation. LIFO reserve is a contra account to inventory, and is adjusted up or down @ year end with a corresponding increase or decrease to COGS. 它的意思是讲,如果一个公司在内部使用中用其他的计算方式计算存货,如FIFO, avg methods,而在对外的报表中,如给股东的年度报告和报税材料等使用LIFO,那么在它的B/S inventory的名下会有LIFO reserve account, 将原本内部用其他方式计算出来的Inventory的数目(在先)调成使用LIFO会产生的数值(在后)。它类似于A/R名下的AFDA,是一个contra account(Cr.),它的数值应该等于每一年两种计算方式Inventory的差异。在P197 No. 27中,使用Avg cost (internal use) 计算出来的Inventory 是$375,000,而使用LIFO (external use)计算出来的Inventory是$320,000,两者之间的差异是$55,000。这时应该使用LIFO reserve 将原本的$375,000 (在先)变为$320,000 (在后)。由于这个账户已经有$35,000 (Cr.),那么需要增加不足的$20,000就可以了。减少公司的存货,方式是增加公司的COGS,所以adj journal entry 是Dr. COGS $20,000
Cr. LIFO reserve $20,000
调整之后的B/S 将是 Inventory (avg) $375,000
Less: LIFO reserve (55,000)
Inventory (LIFO) $320,000
在做这道题目的时候要注意,LIFO reserve的初始值BEG是Dr. or Cr. 如果是Cr. $35,000那么调整的数目是$20,000; 而如果是Dr. $35,000, 那么调整的数目就是$90,000 ($35,000 + $55,000)了,好好理解一下其中的奥妙。
3. LIFO liquidation 是指Layer的冻结吗?(M8)
Question:
LIFO liquidation 是指layer的冻结吗?
Answer:
有关LIFO liquidation,它不是冻结的意思,而是存货清盘。它的意思是指,有的使用LIFO计算存货的公司,在物价不断上涨的时候,为了有一个比较漂亮的`公司收益数字,管理者往往不会继续进货,而销售以往累积的存货。因为LIFO的意思是last in, first out,后进的货物由于物价上涨,成本会远远高于以前存货的价格。如果不购买新货物,那么我们的COGS会是以往存货的价格,会有一个偏低的COGS,偏高的net income,这就造成了LIFO liquidation。按照正常的模式,公司购买的或是生产的产品数量会高于销售数量,这也是为什么公司会有存货的原因,是不是?如果年底的存货高于年初的存货,对于LIFO来说,由于它是last in, first out, 它当年卖出去的货物都是当年购买来的,还有余额。这个余额就是我们所说的new layer,与其他年度积累的layer一起,作为公司的存货;如果公司年底的存货不足年初的存货了,这就表明公司当年不仅销售了当年所购得的或是生产的全部产品,还将年初存货的一部分卖出,年初的存货也会根据last in, first out的原则,最近年份的存货最先卖出,那么那个累积的layer就会remove 出去,不是么?
4. 有关discontinued operation。(M7)
Question:
有关246页,39题(Wiley, 2009 version),这个是关于公司holding long-live assets that it intended to sell, the assets do not constitute a separate component of the company. The company recognize the loss related to these assets, 这个loss为什么属于component from continuing operation? asset held for sale不是属于discontinue operation ?
附原题:
At December 31,2009, Matson Inc. was holding long-lived assets that it intended to sell. The assets do not constitute a separate component of the company. The company appropriately recognized a loss in 2009 related to these assets. On Matsons income statement for the year ended December 31,2009, this loss should be reported as a(n)
a. Extraordinary item
b. Component of income from continuing operations before income taxes
c. Separate component of S,G&A expenses, disclosed net of tax benefit
d. Component of gain(loss) from sale of discontinued operations, disclosed net of income
taxes
the correct answer is b.
Answer:
有关discontinued operations的问题,首先你要了解discontinued operation的定义。Discontinued operations occur when a company disposes of, or plans to dispose of, a relatively large component of its business. 只能是被认定公司的一个component (如一条流水线,一个子公司等), 才可以在当年已出售或准备出售时归为discontinued operations. 而如果不是一个component, 如一条流水线生产n种产品,某一个产品的停产不能被认定discontinued operations, 或是在某一个地域的一个分店被关闭,也不能视为discontinued operations。如这个题目P246 No. 39, 非常明确的告诉我们the assets do not constitute a separate component, 那么它被出售就不能视为discontinued operations, 在出售过程中所遭受的损失只能计为loss from continuing operations before income taxes (IDEA).
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