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人脑可预知危险的第六感区域被发现英语美文

时间:2021-07-12 15:14:00 英语美文 我要投稿

人脑可预知危险的第六感区域被发现英语美文

  Brain Region Learns To Anticipate Risk

人脑可预知危险的第六感区域被发现英语美文

  虽然一些学者对人类也同样具有“第六感”的这一说法并不认同,但是美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学的科学家日前经研究证实,人类大脑中确实存在着一个具有早期预警作用的特殊区域——这个区域可以监控外界环境线索,同时衡量环境变化可能会给人体带来的后果,并调解人们的行为以避免危险情况的发生。

  While some scientists discount the existence of a sixth sense for danger, new research from Washington University in St. Louis has identified a brain region that clearly acts as an early warning system -- one that monitors environmental cues, weighs possible consequences and helps us adjust our behavior to avoid dangerous situations.

  动物能够通过察觉环境中发生的微妙变化,来感知迫在眉睫的危险。而人类究竟有没有这种可以预知危险的“第六感”呢?多年来,科学家们对这个问题一直存在着不尽相同的观点。

  虽然一些学者对人类也同样具有“第六感”的这一说法并不认同,但是美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学的科学家日前经研究证实,人类大脑中确实存在着一个具有早期预警作用的特殊区域——这个区域可以监控外界环境线索,同时衡量环境变化可能会给人体带来的后果,并调解人们的行为以避免危险情况的`发生。

  据美国“每日科学”网站2月27日报道,研究者将他们的这一结果发表在最近一期的《科学》杂志上。研究人员之一,华盛顿大学的认知神经科学家约叔亚·布朗表示:“我们的大脑能够察觉出微妙的警示现象,这个能力比我们以前预想的要好得多。”

  布朗说:“过去,我们曾发现,如果人们不得不在互相排斥的选项中进行选择的时候,或是人们犯错之后,大脑额叶部(frontal lobes)的前扣带脑皮质(anterior cingulate cortex,ACC)就会变得活跃。但是现在我们发现,事实上,当人们有可能犯错的时候,甚至是在人们作艰难的决定之前,大脑的这一区域就在学着认知这些因素。看起来,它似乎是在扮演早期预警系统的角色。当我们的行为可能会导致不好的结果时,它会提前对我们发出警告,所以我们能更小心,同时避免犯更多的错误。”

  试验过程中,研究者要求一些身体健康的年轻人对电脑屏幕上出现的一系列提示作出反应。首先,屏幕上显示出一条白色或者蓝色的破折号,随后,这个破折号会转变成为一个指向左边或右边的小箭头。参加试验的人要按照屏幕上箭头的指示方向快速地,相应地按下左键或者右键。在这之后,会有一个更大的箭头出现在屏幕上,它要求参与者按下相反的键。随着第二个箭头出现的时间被推迟得越久,人们就更倾向于按照第一个箭头的方向按键,他们很难及时改变主意,避免按错键。

  在容易出错的情况中,箭头使用了不同的颜色。参与者的大脑功能磁共振成像表明,当屏幕上出现与容易出错相关的颜色的时候,前扣带皮质就更加活跃。在经历了很多次测试之后,这种效应就更加强烈。对此,布朗表示,当出错的可能性可能很高的时候,前扣带皮质似乎从经验中学到了什么。

  由于前扣带皮质在大脑处理认知事项,特别是复杂和具有挑战性的认知事项时扮演了重要角色,所以近些年来,这一区域成为科学家的重点研究对象。这一区域发生异常和许多严重的精神疾病有着非常紧密的联系,其中包括精神分裂症和强迫症等。

  人们可以通过认知机制进行自我监控,同时控制自己的行为。这项研究给人们提供了更为清楚的认知机制的图片,这对开发更有效的治疗精神疾病的方法具有重大的现实意义。同时,它也给人们提供了理解伴随着精神疾病出现的一些失常行为的更好的方法。布朗说:“我们的研究结果显示出,精神分裂症患者的前扣带脑皮质区域是如何受到损伤,从而导致早期预警系统发生崩溃的。这样,精神分裂症患者的大脑就无法预先控制一些失常行为的发生。而另一方面,在那些患有强迫症的人们中间,即使不会有什么事情发生,前扣带脑皮质也会向人们预先发出警告。”

  布朗还表示:“有趣的是,在吸毒人员和患有帕金森疾病的人中间,我们也发现了相同的神经传递素(多巴胺)介入的证据。也就是说,似乎多巴胺在训练前扣带脑皮质认识到该什么时候发送预警信号的问题上起着至关重要的作用。”

  While some scientists discount the existence of a sixth sense for danger, new research from Washington University in St. Louis has identified a brain region that clearly acts as an early warning system -- one that monitors environmental cues, weighs possible consequences and helps us adjust our behavior to avoid dangerous situations.

  "Our brains are better at picking up subtle warning signs than we previously thought," said Joshua Brown, Ph.D., a research associate in psychology in Arts & Sciences and co-author of a study on these findings in the Feb. 18 issue of the journal Science.

  The findings offer rigorous scientific evidence for a new way of conceptualizing the complex executive control processes taking place in and around the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a brain area located near the top of the frontal lobes and along the walls that divide the left and right hemispheres.

  "In the past, we found activity in the ACC when people had to make a difficult decision among mutually exclusive options, or after they made a mistake," Brown said. "But now we find that this brain region can actually learn to recognize when you might make a mistake, even before a difficult decision has to be made. So the ACC appears to act as an early warning system -- it learns to warn us in advance when our behavior might lead to a negative outcome, so that we can be more careful and avoid making a mistake."

  The ACC has been the focus of intensive scientific research in recent years because it plays a critical role in the brain"s processing of especially complex and challenging cognitive tasks. Abnormalities in the region are closely associated with a host of serious mental problems, including schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

  By providing a clearer picture of the cognitive mechanisms by which we self monitor and control our behavior, the study is an important step in efforts to develop more effective treatments for mental illness. It also provides a new way of understanding inappropriate behaviors that often accompany mental illnesses.

  "Our results suggest how impairment of the ACC mechanisms in schizophrenia can lead to breakdowns in the early warning system, so that the brain fails to pre-empt or control inappropriate behavior," Brown said. "On the other hand, in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder, the ACC might warn of an impending problem even when no problem is imminent."

  "Interestingly, we also found evidence that the same neurotransmitter involved in drug addiction and Parkinson"s disease, namely dopamine, seems to play a key role in training the ACC to recognize when to send the early warning signal," he added.

  Known to be an important component of the brain"s executive control system, the ACC is believed to help mediate between cold, hard, fact-based reasoning and emotional responses, such as love, fear or anticipation.

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