考研英语翻译冲刺的转换技巧
我们在进行考研英语的冲刺阶段时，需要把翻译的转换技巧掌握好。小编为大家精心准备了考研英语翻译冲刺的转换方法，欢迎大家前来阅读。
考研英语翻译冲刺的转换秘诀
一、词类转换
词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另一词类。
(一)英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词
(1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.因此，对于一个从事社会活动的人来讲，培养一种爱好和新的情趣方式，乃是至关重要的对策。
(2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind.红军冒着刺骨的寒风英勇前进。
(3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and， when the first excitement was over， felt that they had done well， and deserved praise.大家都没有认识到这番经验却是一次个性的考验，最初的兴奋过去以后，又觉得自己已经干得不错了，理应受到赞扬。
(4) He appeared at her side， breathing audibly， a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead， rigid.她到车站不一会儿，他便出现在她的身旁，听见他喘息的声音。她凝视着前方，表情严峻。
(5) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook， of a change of atmosphere， of a diversion of effort， is essential.然而，对所有这两种类型的人来说，变换一下看法、改变一下环境和转换一下注意力都是最基本的需要。
(6) …and it was on the first stage of this journey， in Kenya， that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯尼亚，她接到了父亲去世并由她本人继承王位的消息。
(二)英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词、形容词
(1) The inflammation is characterized by red， swelling， fever， and pain.炎症的特点是红、肿、热、痛。
(2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上星期天，来访的客人和陪同人员一起参观了黄鹤楼。
(3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我国政府十分关心海外华侨。
(4) Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。
(5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。
(三)英语名词转换为汉语形容词、副词
(1) He added： "I understand and respect those views， but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision." 他还说："我理解并尊重他们的看法，但我深信我的决定是正确的。"
(2) They came back game and glee.他们兴高采烈地回来了。
二、句子成分转换
句子成分转换是指英语中的某一句子成分译成汉语时转换成另一种句子成分。句子成分转换在主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语之间展开。例如：
(1) You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.在鸡尾酒会上人们常常可以看出大人物和无名小卒来。那些迟到的就是大人物。(主语转换为表语;谓语转换为主语)
(2) With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership， his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。(主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语)
(3) Cheerful， efficient and warm-hearted， they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。(状语转换为谓语)
(4) Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak.她还没有完全失去镇静，一时却又找不出话可说。(主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语)
(5) This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes me like the colonel; there is a touch of rough poetry about him.正是这种出人意料的言论使我喜欢上了上校。他这个人还有那么点诗意呢。(主语转换为宾语;介词宾语转换为主语)
三、表达方式转换
英汉两种语言在表达方式上往往因角度不同而异。要克服这些差异，翻译时也就常有必要把一种表达方式转换为另一种表达方式，使译文符合汉语表达习惯。
(一)英语中有一些计量词，如score， dozen， decade， quarter等，在汉语中没有相应的表达方式，所以在汉译时得对其加以转换。例如：
(1) Five score years ago， a great American， in whose symbolic shadow we stand， signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
100年以前，一位伟大的美国人签署了解放宣言，我们现在就站在他象征性的庇荫中。
(2) A dozen and a half aeroplanes poured out into the airport during that five minutes.
那5分钟内，有18架飞机涌进了机场。
(3) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.
87年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创建了一个新的国家。
(4) They had a dozen children， six boys and six girls， in seventeen years.
在17年中，他们生了12个孩子，6男6女。
(二)由于英汉两种语言在表述角度上不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要转换角度，才能使意思明白清楚、表达自然。例如：
(1) She has been a widow only for six months.
她丈夫死了至今才不过半年。
(原文是从妻子的角度加以陈述的，而译文是从丈夫的角度加以陈述的。如果不改变表达方式，而搬用原来的表达方式，那译文就是："她只当了6个月的寡妇。"这就会给人以错觉：她很快就改嫁了。)
(2)──Is there a special rate by the month?
──Yes， there is a 10% discount.
──按月计算有什么优惠吗?
──有，可以打9折。
四、自然语序与倒装语序转换
句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语在后。倒装语序主要是指主谓倒装。英语中使用倒装语序，主要是为了加强语气、突出重点、平衡句子结构等;而汉语中使用倒装语序相对较少，所以英译汉时，常常得将倒装语序转换为自然语序。例如：
(1) Away ran the boy.男孩跑开了。
(2) Slowly climbs the summer moon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了。
五、正面表达与反面表达转换
由于思维方式的不同，英语中有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中习惯从反面来表达;而有些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正面来表达。因此，英译汉时常常有必要进行转换。这就是通常所说的"正说反译、反说正译"法。英语正面表达这里指的是不带否定词no， not ， never否定前缀non-， in-， im-， ir-， dis-和否定后缀-less等的句子，汉语正面表达则是指不带"不"、"没"、"非"、"未"、 "否"、 "无"、 "莫"、"勿"、"别"等否定词语的句子;反之则是反面表达。
(一)英语正面表达转换为汉语反面表达
frost-free refrigerator无霜冰箱
Freeze!别动!
Wet paint!油漆未干!
mortally ill 不治之症
(1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin.这项建议差点通不过。
(2)We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。
(3) He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago， then New York， then San Francisco.Silence. Silence. Silence.他到一个户外公用电话亭，先给芝加哥、又给纽约、旧金山打了电话。
(4) As a place to live， it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane， it was an excellent site， its remoteness effectively masking its activity.作为居住的地方，这里有许多不足之处，但作为改革性的新飞机秘密训练基地，却是非常理想的。因为它地处边陲，人们不易发觉其中的活动。
(5) The pictures that linger in his mind， called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay， are of a simpler nature.然而，萦绕心头的画面，那些一经嗅到玫瑰花香或新鲜干草的气息便会倏地闯入记忆的情景，其实并不复杂。
(6) As he sipped his coffee， he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading.他一面喝咖啡，一面翻开油墨未干的晨报，看了起来。
(7) Father's attitude toward anybody who wasn't his kind used to puzzle me.以前我总不懂父亲为什么对那些脾气跟他不一样的人采取那么个态度。
(8) Sadly， Edward died before he could see the new church， but his beautiful tomb is still there， with the tombs of the Kings and Queens of England who came after him.遗憾的是，爱德华未能看见新教堂就去世了，但是他那幽雅的坟墓和嗣后的英国国王和王后的坟墓还都留在那里。
(二)英语反面表达转换为汉语正面表达
(1) You can't be too careful.你要特别小心。
(2) The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on us.这些事件引起了我们的重视。
(3) Such flights couldn't long escape notice.这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。
(4) The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking，damped-down coal stove， but soon after unconsciousness comes death.煤气若是从封上火的煤炉漏出，人体可以忍受一些时候，但人昏迷之后，不用很久就会死亡。
(5) But there is another story， a family saga， that may turn out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President.但是，莱温斯基和总统之间究竟发生了什么事，另外一个故事，即家史，最终对解开这个谜十分重要。
(6) Maintaining credibility requires confronting potential adversaries with the objective，unambiguous facts of our counter-balancing military capabilities， our political strengths and economic advantages， and our clear resolution to use these for our defense if necessary.保持这种可靠性需要以下客观的、明确的事实来对付潜在的对手：我们达到平衡的军事能力、我们的政治实力和经济优势以及我们必要时使用这些手段进行自卫的毫不含糊的决心。
考研英语冲刺如何用好作文模板
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
大家肯定对这道题十分熟悉。按照大作文评分标准中的“内容完整”，我们需要将大作文写成3段话：第一段“描述图画”;第二段“阐述寓意”;第三段“个人评论”。这三个要求根本不用去记，因为题目当中已经有了。
第一段的段落思路：“直观评价、整体描述、细节描述、过渡句”。
第一句我们只需要对这幅图画进行直观评价就可以了。可以写成What an interesting picture it is! 怎么记?只要记住这是一个感叹句句式即可。第二句记忆的时候，弄清楚前后两个非限制性定语从句。As is vividly depicted in the photo, a hot pot is boiling a lot of different things with much hot steam gushing, which successfully captures our eyes. 第三句可以写成After a close watch, it is not difficult to find that many kinds of culture have been mixed in the same small hot pot, symbolizing the exchange of many different kinds of culture from all over the world. 在记忆的时候，只需记住是“状语+it形式主语句+主干”即可。Apparently, what the drawing has subtly conveyed deserves a further analysis. 这是最后一句，相信大家能立马分清：这是主语从句。
接着看第二段。第二段的思路是：“关键句(总)、具体原因(分)、结果分析”。
例子：
Theoretically, the phenomenon presented by the drawing brings us both advantages and disadvantages. As for my part, the former outweighs its latter. On the top of list is that the same earth village could bring us much more commerce opportunities, which help the whole development of the world. In addition, there is the other point that no one can ignore. It is no doubt that more friendly cooperation from different countries may promote the development of diplomatic relations between countries. No other case can better illustrate the phenomenon than the picture above.
其实，第一句就是“主谓宾”的结构，后面的原因句子，“On the top of list is that...”是我们教大家的框架句子。“In addition, there is the other point that...”这样的句式其实就是就是“There be +that从句”。
来看最后一段。段落思路是“关键句+具体建议+结尾句”。由于本题属于“社会现象”，所以可以写成以下段落。记忆这些句子时，注意句式：it形式主语句式、倒装句等。
According to the analysis above, it is advisable for us to take steps to maximize its positive effects and minimize the disadvantages. Of all the steps, mass media tends to function essentially in the job. Only in this way can we make the best of the value of global communication between mass kinds of culture .
所以同学们在准备考研英语作文时一定要把握住每个段落的思路，每个句式的.特点。一定要弄清楚每个句子怎么构成的，只有先理解句子的语法构成，才能顺利记住这些“神通广大”的句子，并且将它们补齐写成自己特有的亮点句子。
考研英语阅读的重要词汇
1. authority 权威，当局
Mexican authorities noticed a large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults.
墨西哥当局注意到，在成年人中有大量人住院。
One authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control.
一位权威人士说道，这些极其强大的精神事件不但可以约束，还可以有意识地进行控制。
2. equivalent 等价物
The digital credential would be a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card.
该数字证书可以成为一个"自愿受信身份"系统，从而成为物理密钥、指纹以及身份证的高科技等价物。
3. alternative 替代物
They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
他们更愿意握紧自己的钱包，把在家吃饭作为一种现实的替代。
4. substitute 代替物
Devoted concertgoers reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance.
忠诚的音乐会爱好者回答道，唱片并不能`1代替现场表演。
5. community 具有共性的人 (社区，…届)
The approach would create a "walled garden" in cyberspace, with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a trusted community.
该方法能够在网络空间建一个"有墙的花园"，具有安全的"邻里关系"以及明亮的"街灯"，从而创造出一种安全社区的意识。
6. transaction 交易
The individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with confidence.
个人和组织能够充满信任地完全在线交易。
7. mentality 心态
It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would eventually be a compulsory of Internet "driver's license" mentality.
该计划看来明显是一个最初的推断，最终将形成一种英特网强制性"驾驶执照"的心态。
8. skepticism 怀疑
The plan has also been greeted with skepticism by some computer security experts.
该方案也遭到了电脑安全专家的怀疑。
History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.
历史和新闻变得令人困惑，人们开始产生一种怀疑与乐观相混合的印象。
9. executive 高级管理者
But Edward Dolman, the chief executive, says: "I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom."
但是首席执行官爱德华·多尔曼说道："我完全相信现在已经是在底部了。"
10. irony 讽刺
This episode crystallizes the irony that, although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they rarely talk at home.
该情节体现出一种讽刺，那就是，籍贯美国男性在公共场合比女性说话多，但在家里，他们很少说话。
11. preference 偏爱
The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out.
首先并且最重要的是消费者不断增长的对外出就餐的偏爱。
12. predominance 优势
Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.
不可避免的事，这种从优势地位退下来的感觉是痛苦的。
13. pattern 图案，模式
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.
政治科学家安德鲁·哈克在上世纪七十年代观察到这一模式。
14. infrastructure 基础设施
Big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence.
大型零售商在管理产品类别、物流、以及营销智能化方面，可以应用其规模、已有基础设施和历经考验的技能，这是有利可图的。
15. inequity 不公正
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband.
在我自己的研究中，女性们对于丈夫的抱怨通常并非针对那些明显的不公正，例如放弃职业来陪伴丈夫。
16. humanity 人类，人性
He is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.
他的正在发表的一篇论文不仅暗示出某个人类群体会比其他群体更聪明，还解释了这种现象产生的过程。
His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on.
他主要关注的是人文学科：文学，语言，哲学等等。
17. revival 复活，复兴
Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote.
卡杜斯的批判性评论有机会复活吗?这看来很遥远。
18. amateur 业余爱好者
Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
另外，音乐评论中的业余爱好者传统在急剧衰退。
19. corporation 公司
Corporations could use such approaches to introduce new routines.
公司应当采用这些方法来塑造新的惯例。
It's a self-examination that has involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.
这是一种自我检查，其中包含责任、创造性自由和公司底线等问题。
20. economy 经济，经济体
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.
富裕国家不像过去那么依赖石油，因此对油价波动就不那么敏感。
21. adolescent 青少年
Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.
口香糖曾经主要是青少年购买，现在则经常出现在商业广告中，用来使口气清新，以及用来在餐后清洁牙齿。
22. juvenile青少年
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.
很多关于青少年违法原因的理论都把主要影响原因归于个人或社会。
23. jury 陪审团
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values.
很多美国人把陪审团制度看作关键民主价值的具体表现。
24. qualification 资格
There is a principle that all citizens should meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy.
有一个原则，那就是所有公民应当符合年龄和识字能力方面的最低资格要求。
25. specialization 专门化
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.
专门化可以看作是对科学知识不断积累的一种响应。
26. prerequisite 先决条件
Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career.
专业化使得博士学位成为成功学术生涯的先决条件。
27. connotation 内涵
The word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.
"业余爱好者"一词的确带有这样一种内涵，那就是，没有完全整合进科学界的人不会分享其价值观。
28. prospect 前景
Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the job center with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.
失去工作是痛苦的：你不可能唱着歌蹦蹦跳跳地来到就业中心，心里高兴地想着这个慷慨的国家会让你的收入翻番。
29. prosperity 繁荣
"The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.
"物质的核心"是美国艺术与科学研究院刚发表的一篇报告，这篇报告肯定了人文学科和社会科学对于美国自由民主的繁荣与安全的重要性，因此是值得表扬的。
30. intelligence 智力，智能
Jury duty was once limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character.
陪审团的职责曾经仅限于那些具有卓越智力、教育背景和道德素养的人。
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.
事实上，对于人工智能的探索所获得的结果是非常复杂的。
31. fitness 健康
But despite some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.
尽管存在一些反面的主张，事实上，笑对于身体健康几乎没有什么影响。
32. seminar 讨论会
He spent many of his weekly seminars giving detailed instructions in techniques of observation.
他用了很多的周讨论会来详细说明观察技术。
33. duty 职责
Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
一些哲学家提出，权力作为职责与利益的交换的一部分，仅存在于契约中。
34. advocate 倡导(vt.) 倡导者(n.)
Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
罗森博格令人信服地提出，广告商很善于应用同伴压力，公共健康倡导者应当向他们学习。
He advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
他提倡思想自由和个人表达的自由。
35. benefactor 捐助者
These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
这些捐助者在他们自己的领域很成功，他们想用自己的财富吸引那些在科学领域取得成功的人。
36. entrepreneur 企业家
These upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.
这些突然崛起的企业家不可能通过金钱使自己的奖项具有诺贝尔奖那样的威望。
37. chaos 混乱
Beethoven's music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.
贝多芬的音乐总是从混乱过渡到秩序，仿佛秩序是至高无上的人类存在。
38. tension 张力
The tension between the universal and the particular has been immensely productive in anthropology.
在人类学中，普遍性与特殊性之间的张力能够产生大量研究结果。
39. obesity 肥胖
Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.
很难对肥胖进行定义，这一事实受到的关注更多。
40. significance 重要性，意义
Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events
由于日常生活占据了我们有意识的思想，因此我们并不总是会思考日常事件的情感意义。
41. institute 研究机构，(专门型)学院
According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.
根据加拿大健康信息研究院的统计，自1997年以来，医疗保险总体开销中处方药成本在大幅上升。
42. institution 制度，机构，机制
He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution.
他是那种与众不同者，作为一个独立于任何机构的科学家在工作。
There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.
存在一种大批量交易，就是机构用户付钱通过网站特许协议来解除大量的在线期刊。
The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.
研究机构的发现一致地表明，所有国家的劳动者都可以通过工作培训来获得生产率的根本提高，从而大幅提高生活水平。
The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the peculiar institution.
如果不保护南方各州的制度，他们当时就不会签署宪法。
It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
人们可以说，对任何社会机价值的衡量在于其扩大并提示经验方面的效果，但这一效果并不属于这些机制的最初动机。
Malinowski regarded all institutions of a society as intrinsically linked to each other, and stressed that every social or cultural phenomenon ought to be studied in its full context.
马林诺夫斯基把所有社会机制看成是相互联系的，并强调应当将所有社会或文化现象放在其完整的社会情境中进行研究。
43. intellectual 知识分子，知识的
It is intellectuals, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.
反对知识的正是知识分子本身，而不是美国。
44. manuscript 手稿
When I set out to revise and update this book, the original manuscript was five years old.
当我在对这本书进行修改和更新时，最初的手稿已经存在五年之久了。
45. trait 特征
The trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.
我们过高评估了关于才干的特征。
46. reference参考
In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had.
事实上，你可以尝试对任何给定句子、图像或参考可以具有的意义或效果进行重建。
47. inference 推理
You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you.
你可以进行进一步推理，比如该文本对你具有何种重要性。
48. legacy 遗产
Morgan's legacy would also be acknowledged by many Marxist anthropologists.
摩根的遗产也会得到马克思主义人类学家的认可。
49. label 标签
Advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.
技术的发展使得诸如飒拉、HM以及优衣库这样的大众市场品牌能够对市场趋势快速反应，并更加准确地对需求进行预测。
50. vogue 流行
I shall then proceed to characterize the system now in vogue in Western civilization.
我将继续讲述西方文明中现在流行的体系特征。
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