考研英语长难句的组合方式分析
在进入考研复习阶段的时候,了解长难句的组成方式,对于拆分解读很有帮助。小编为大家精心准备了考研英语长难句的组合方式解析,欢迎大家前来阅读。
考研英语长难句的组合方式解读
一、复合从句
在考研中,复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。复合从句可分为简单复合从句和复杂复合从句。本文将分词作状语和定语也归入从句范畴,当作一种更为灵活的从句形式。这种语法处理,并不是从语言学研究角度进行的,而是从考试、教学角度出发做出的从简处理。
①简单复合从句
简单复合从句可以分为套用从句和并列从句两种。
套用从句,其实是最简单的长难句。这类句子就像一根锁链,只要抓住句子的各个连接点,理出句子层次,就完全可以把握住。在翻译定语从句时,“这(些/ 个)”常用来作为拆分句子的必用手段。阅读时,定语从句一般可以跳过,实在不放心可以略读。一般情况下,考研基本上不会在这种从句中有出题点。
并列从句大致有四种情况:并列从句修饰主语、谓语和宾语。也就是说并列从句一般作定语或状语。其实,并列从句和并列短语在语法功能上完全相同,只不过并列从句一般较长,会使考生在阅读中渐忘句子结构。
并列从句修饰主语,就是说并列从句作状语。这种句子很简单。翻译时,可以直译,把从句作定语,直接放在主语前面。如果从句很长,可以使用复指代词。另外,翻译从句先行词时,要注意词性的转换,比如hope/ suggest之类的词有名动两种译法。考生要切忌拘于词性。
并列从句修饰谓语就是说这些从句作状语。一般情况下,这些从句都不完整,多为现在分词短语和过去分词短语。事实上,现在分词短语和过去分词短语作状语或者定语,都可以看作是从句的一种更加灵活的表达方式。
并列从句修饰宾语。宾语有两种,一种是单纯宾语,另一种是介宾结构中的准宾语。单纯宾语指在句中作宾语成分;准宾语指在介词后面的宾语。
并列从句修饰单纯宾语的句子结构很清晰,阅读难度不大,但翻译有些难度。并列从句修饰准宾语的就比较难了。因为后面有很长的介词短语会使考生在阅读中忘记句子前面的意思。
②复杂复合从句
复杂复合从句,就是说这些句子不是单纯的复合从句。复杂复合从句主要是因为句子中出现省略,插入和倒装等形式,从而加大了句子的难度。这也是考研英语为了加大难度常用的方式。在复杂复合从句中出现的省略一般主要是语法省略,语用省略一般很少。出现插入语,其实是指这些词或短语的插入,使句子语法成分的联系打断,句子的整体性受到冲击,从而影响了句子的理解。复杂复合从句中出现的插入语一般都是分词形式或者介宾结构。翻译时,一般多可以翻为状语,有时也可以翻为定语。出现倒装时,越短的句子越难。因为可以参考的信息很少。这种句子可以先把从句和先行词用一个代词替换,然后进行语序恢复。
二、成分省略
语言有个节省性原则。成分省略,主要是为了避免重复。一般的成分省略多为主语省略和谓语省略。这种省略属于语法省略。但考研中一般是语用省略,也就是说是为了某种具体的表达目的而采取的省略。成分省略一般和从句相结合,一正一反,使句子变得富有变化和难于把握。但省略句也有一些出现频率很高,因此需要熟记。
三、使用插入语
插入语,是因为分裂了句子的结构而得名的,所以,这个术语主要是从语法功能角度出发提出的,对语法形式没有多大考虑。插入语一般是主谓结构或者介宾结构。使用插入语主要是为了调整语气和增加补充信息,并且更主要的目的是为了平衡句子结构,避免头重脚轻。插入语是主谓结构,一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”这种格式,阅读问题不大,翻译时要提到句首。插入语是介宾结构也是如此处理。定语从句和分词做定语时,如果是插在主谓结构之间也可以看作是插入语。考研翻译中出现最多的插入语是用破折号插入的新话题或者补充信息。这种插入标志很明显,只是翻译处理会有些棘手。另外,因为一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置,也可看作是插入现象。只不过这种插入只是句子原有成分间的位子变化,没有新增成分。
四、改变语序
改变语序,一般指倒装。倒装分为语法倒装和修辞倒装。考研难点一般在修辞倒装。一种是强调句子的表达重心,一种是强调一种表达语气,比如命令语气,假设语气(虚拟语气的倒装属于此类)疑问语气和否定语气。这些倒装常和一些连词或者副词(如nor/so/only/never/until等)密切相关。
考研英语完形填空的出题点
1.引语
文章中出现的引语基本上都是考点,只是采用不同的`题型而已,如推理引申题、句意理解题、作者意图题等等。特别注意首段引语的三种作用:第一,作为支持作者观点的论据;第二,作为作者批判的靶子;第三,给出文章大背景。
2.例子
例子经常出现在命题中,而且题型多为作者观点态度题。此类题型主要针对文章中所举之例的作用进行发问。
我们应该注意例子的出现无非有两种情况:一是先提观点后举例;二是先举例后提出观点。而该观点就是作者引用例子所要说明或反驳的。因此见到例子后,我们应该迅速查找其上下文,目的必在其中。通过历年真题分析,发现先提观点后举例的情况占多数。
3.长难句
考点一般集中在长难句上。这些句子的共同点就是同位语、定语和分句很多;主语和谓语之间的距离很远,还时常伴有插入成分。主要考查句子之间的指代或逻辑关系,以引申推理题、事实细节题等多种形式出现。理解长难句的要领就是先找出主干,化繁为简,然后再看各个分句或修饰成分与它的关系。
4.转折处或对比处
在历年考题中,转折和对比一直受到命题者的青睐。文章通过however,but,infact,yet等逻辑词进行转折,转折后的内容常常是作者真正表达的内容。对比常用unlike,differentfrom,until,notsomuchas等词语引导,考的是对比双方的属性。对转折题,我们要着重把握作者转折后的观点。对于文章中出现的将两种人或两种观点进行对比时,我们要准确把握每一种的特点,避免被张冠李戴的选项迷惑。
5.因果句
(1)出这类题时,文章中一般都since,for,because,as,therefore,resultin,originatefrom这些标志词。没有标志词的就需要通过上下文推出二者的因果关系。
(2)当有多种原因时,主要原因常考。
6.段首段尾常考
考点一般是段首句的总览全局,段尾句的提炼、理解,或者段首段尾相呼应表达的文章主题。
7.类比比喻
议论文和说明文在论证说明事理的时候均很抽象。
为了让读者更形象地理解一些抽象的内容,文章常采用类比的手法。形象的类比不仅有助于将抽象的道理阐释清楚,更可以让读者加深印象。类比在文中有两种体现方式,一是明喻,即A像B一样;二是暗喻,说A是B,由于暗喻更加隐蔽,近年来命题专家越来越趋向于在暗喻内容上设问。
8.复指处
考点是复指代词或与复指副词作用相同的词。1996以前此类题目大多是直接问考生文章某句中的it或that指代什么。近几年此类题目的问法开始转向隐蔽。我们在遇到此类题时应该记住,题目的答案所在位置必定在复指词的上文中。因此,只需返回原文,在复指词上方扫描即可找到正确答案。
考研英语作文结尾例句的盘点
1.总结性句型
Based on the above reasons, I firmly believe that China will experience a stage of continuous, steady and healthy expansion in the coming years. In the long run, it is evident that China will become much stronger, and the Chinese will live a better life than ever.
A lesson that we can draw from this example is quite obvious. Honesty is crucial for the survival of an enterprise. Only with honesty can the enterprise set up a good image, thus win the trust of the clients.
In one word, protecting natural resources is the same as protecting our mankind.
All in all, I think borrowing money from a friend can hurt the friendship. It creates more problems than it solves.
It is only when people become the masters of the country that science can serve the people.
From what I have discussed above, we may safely arrive at/reach/ come to/draw the conclusion that…
Judging from all the evidence offered, we may suggest that…
All the above facts goes to show that …
In general / In summary /In conclusion / In a word / In short/ In brief/ In conclusion/ To conclude…
Finally/ Lastly / Last but not the least …
2.建设性句型
To solve this problem, a combined effort is really very necessary. First, factories should try all means to clean the polluted water and gas before such waste stuff flow into the river or emit into the air. Second, each government should make effective laws to punish various illegal conducts that are potentially harmful to the environment. Last but not the least, anyone of us has good reason to take actions for the restoration of the beauty of our globe.
To eradicate this tumor of society, two measures might be involved/have to be taken immediately. For one thing, we should appeal to our government to make rigid laws to punish the briber and the bribed. For another, we ought to enhance their sense of serving people, not mastering people.
To improve college entrance examination system, I suggest the following steps.
The best way to solve this problem I think is to give young people opportunities to do things independently.
My suggestion is that more people from all walks of life should be encouraged to finance the Project with
their deeper love and stronger sense of responsibility for these children. And I am sure that the Project Hope will be meeting with hearty and generous response.
There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but … might be helpful / beneficial.
It is, therefore, evident that the task of … requires immediate attention.
The general awareness of the necessity and importance of ... might be the first step to solve this problem.
It is urgent/ important/ necessary that appropriate/effective/rapid measures/steps/method should be taken to …
3.号召性句型
It is high time that parents, educators and the government made combined efforts to put an end to this situation.
It is high time that broadcasters provided public messages on TV screens that would warn viewers about the potentially harmful effects of viewing televised violence.
From now on, let us take actions to heal our globe, and clean up our environment! Some day, peoples in all nations will be enveloped with the blue sky and green lands.
It is prime time that we put considerable / great/ special emphasis on …
4.警示性句型
As the issue of census plays such an important role both in our society and life, due attention should be paid from the general public as well as the government.
Our society is no longer prepared to tolerate unnecessary cruelty to animals for science and entertainment. If we continue our crimes against these creatures, we will be remembered as cruel and inhuman by the generations of the future.
Not surprisingly … demands/ requires/ deserves immediate/ serious attention/ consideration.
5.展望性句型
Just imagine how great the world would be if only we would have greater concern for our fellowmen.
I firmly believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.
I believe a happy and bright future is awaiting us if we make every effort to promote cultural development both nationally and internationally.
Undoubtedly/ Obviously/ Consequently/ Clearly, … is valuable/ worthwile for …
6.观点性句型
As far as I am concerned, I hate the terrible dirt and noise in the city. So, given the chance, I would prefer to live peacefully in the country.
In my opinion, the real implication of the author is that …
Personally, I prefer to …
In my point of view, I think …
From my personal point of view, I agree with the opinion that …
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