考研英语阅读细节和主旨型题目答案如何定位
考研英语阅读出题一般有两大类,考察的细节,或者考察的主旨,像这样的题型我们应该找到定位答案。小编为大家精心准备了考研英语阅读细节和主旨型题目答案指导,欢迎大家前来阅读。
考研英语阅读细节和主旨型题目答案指南
1.考查细节题型:
(1)可以根据题干定位的,如题干中含有“According to Paragraph 4....”、“the XXX report suggests that...”、“What do we learn from XXX...”,通过题干中的信息可以在文章定位,这种题型是最适合分块阅读的。我也认真分析过近几年的真题,从应试的角度来说(因为考试时时间比较紧,有时候不得不采用一些技巧),不管是正解还是干扰项,其跨度不会超过两个段落,这一题的正解一般也不会出现在下一题的正解之后。对于这类题,假设正解在第二段,那么3个干扰项至少有两个在第二段或附近,我确实没见过3个干扰项都散落在文章各个地方的情况。对这种可以定位的题型,根据我做真题的经验,在附近找不到干扰项的话,可以直接当做无中生有处理。从出题人的角度来分析,他也不会把正解放太远,当然这只是应试时如果时间不充裕的一个技巧,如果有足够的时间,还是可以去找一下。
(2)根据题干无法定位的,如“Which of the following is true according to the text?”、“The author may agree that...”,这类题考得很少,只在06、08年考过。这类题的干扰项比上种类型要分散一些,但是正解通常是按顺序设置,这题的正解通常就在上题正解之后。当然这类题确实是拉分的题,要排除干扰项也比较耗时。说一下我的.做法吧,首先我在读文章之前后扫一遍问题,看到这类无法定位的题目后,我会大致记下四个选项的意思(至少有个印象),在分块精读的时候,会注意有没有碰到,在这个过程中一般能排除一两个干扰项。至于最后确定正解,在我做到该题时,根据上一题正解的位置,着重阅读某个区域,以找到正解。
2.考查主旨题型:
如“The text intends to tell us that...”、“What's the best title?”,建议把每段或每块的内容归纳一下,结合每段的中心思想得出全文的中心思想。实际上在分块精读找正解排除错解的过程中,对本块的内容应该有一定程度的了解。至于最后如何得出文章的中心思想,这是中学语文教的归纳总结的知识,跟英语没多大关系,这种理解性的题目,考生和出题人的理解可能不一样,只能在做真题的过程中熟悉出题人的思路。
推荐分块阅读
推荐分块阅读,最重要的原因在于,大部分题目(特别是其正解)就是按顺序分块设置的(这是通过分析近几年考研阅读发现的)。换句话讲,出题人是按顺序出题的,分块阅读其实更是一个应试的技巧。正是因为这点,分块阅读才是可行的。对于考查细节的题型,我是没遇见过第2题的解在第5段、第4题的解在第1段的这种情况。
当然所谓的分块不是绝对的按顺序来、没有一点交叉。对于一些有难度的题目,各块之间的界限可能比较模糊,但交叉的情况不多。以一篇真题为例,原文一共6段。
第1问定位在第1段,正解在第1、2段。
第2问定位在第2段,正解、干扰项在第2段。
第3问“What can we learn from XXX?”,第2、3、6段都提到了XXX,其正解在第2、3段,干扰项有两个在第2、3段,还有一个在第6段,但是从应试技巧的角度,第6段的基本上可以排除掉。
第4问“Which of the following is true according to the text?”,其正解在第5段,两个干扰项在第4段,还有一个无中生有。
第5问定位在第6段,正解在第6段。
再说一下我是怎么做这篇阅读的。第1、2问就不说了,到第3问,发现有个干扰项在附近找不到,我就在干扰项上标注一个记号,继续往下读,等做到第5问的时候,发现了其出处,再将其排除掉。对于第4问,由于在第4、5段中找不到最后那个干扰项的出处,先标记一下,然后继续下一问,等其他四个问题都搞定了,再在第1、2、3段重新搜索一下,因为前三段分块精读过,有些印象,再扫一遍不会太耗时,最后发现找不到该干扰项的出处,当做无中生有处理。
考研英语阅读文章的结构
(一)层层递进型
全文论述从抽象到具体,从简单到复杂,文章开始是对有关主题的一般介绍,然后一步一步将主题具体化。这类文章的各段开始常出现表示递进关系的副词,如in addition to, furthermore, moreover等,文章的主题一般可以通过综合各段首句得出。
(二)一枝独秀型
全文围绕一个核心概念展开,文章围绕着这个概念、中心思想或者现象,从各个方面进行分析和解释说明,最后对文章进行总结,并再一次对该概念、中心思想进行阐述。
(三)花开两朵型
文章开始提出两个核心概念,随后分段论述。把握这种文章的关键是注意这两个核心概念的定义,以及它们的区别和联系。这种结构分为两类,一种是两个概念是并列的,另一种是两个概念形成对比,对于后一种文章要注意两个概念之间的区别,以及作者对各自的态度。
(四)现象——解释型
在现象——解释型的文章中,作者在文章开始给出一个现象,相当于提出一个问题,然后对现象进行
解释或分析现象或问题产生的原因,存在的因数以及可能解决方案,作者可能提到几个不同的解决方案,但是之后作者自己认可的那种解决方案才是文章的重点和主题;在文章最后对现象或问题进行总结说明并进一步强调作者支持的那种解决办法。
(五)问题——解决方案型
在这类文章中,作者首先提出一个问题,然后针对这一问题给出解决方案。如果有多个解决方案,作者认可的才是主题。
除了文章结构外,对于报刊杂志体文章时文的一般特点也应有所了解,因为这种文章在考研阅读中占有极大比重。报刊杂志体文章的主要特点有:
1.引人入胜。通常以一个有趣或吸引人的故事或背景开始。
2.抛砖引玉。讲故事或交代背景的目的在于引出主题。所以,时文的主题常出现于首段的最后一句话或第二段的首句。
3.假装客观。作者开始不说出自己的观点,貌似客观地陈述各派观点,最后才表达自己的观点。在确定作者态度的时候,主要根据所举的例子进行判断。如果例子表现一种正面态度,说明作者对这一事物持正评价;反之持负评价。
对于一篇完整的英文说明文或者议论文来说,不论其形式看上去有多么复杂多样,但是套用一句老话:“万变不离其宗”即文章都遵循了特定的篇章结构模式,在这些模式中采用频率最高的是“现象—解释型”型模式。这种模式的特点即提出问题(提出说明的事物或者现象)、分析问题(对事物或者现象进行说明)、解决问题(对说明的事物或者现象进行总结)。
考研英语写作拿高分的语法结构
▶1. 主动句变被动句
“英文多被动,汉语多主动”,还需要警惕名词与动词之间暗含的“主被动”关系。
Eg1: It is said that …据说/相传
Eg2:I suggest that … It is suggested that …
Eg3:Effective measures should be taken before things get worse.表建议
Eg4: your prompt attention to my enquiry would be highly appreciated. 表感激
Eg5:Students should study hard.
Students are expected / well-advised to study hard.
▶2. 简单句变从句
名词性从句,含主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种;定语从句;状语从句
A. 主语从句:
Eg1:What worries many parents is that Internet or computer games may impact kids’ study.
Eg2:It is said that an emperor of ancient China discovered Tea 5,000 years ago. (it为形式主语;that从句为真正主语)
B.宾语从句:
Eg1:Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life is measured by how much they can borrow, not by how much they can earn.
Eg2: I am convinced that it is of great necessity for youngsters to study hard.
Eg3:明智的人不为别人的想法所影响。The sensible man is not influenced by what other people think.
C. 表语从句:
Eg1:That is why China is called the “Kingdom of Bicycles”.
Eg3:In team games, practice is what improves our sense of cooperation.
D. 同位语从句
Eg1:(Martin Luther King) I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." (该句中a dream = that 从句,)
Eg2:Others hold the different idea that online shopping brings us some problems.
E. 含同位语句式
A.人 身份
Eg. I am convinced that …
As a college student, I am convinced that …
I, as a college student, am convinced that …
B. 物 性质
Eg. A strong will brings us power …
As a vital quality, a strong will brings us power…
A strong will, as a vital quality, brings us power…
插入语
Eg1:As I see, the causes of this phenomenon are diverse.
The causes of this phenomenon, as I see, are diverse.
Eg2:All of a sudden, the silence of the lake was broken by a scream.
The silence of the lake, all of a sudden, was broken by a scream.
Eg3:Even so, others hold a different view.
Others, even so, hold a different view.
Eg4:Like anything else, automobiles have more than one side. (汽车跟很多其他事物一样,具有两面性)
Automobiles, like anything else, have more than one side.
F. 定语从句:
步骤:1)先写出正确简单句,确定被修饰成分(中心名词)
2)在中心名词后加入定从,关系词who, whose, whom, where, which, when
Eg1:Taobao is a particularly popular website. ? Taobao is a particularly popular website, where/in which customers can purchase various goods.
Eg2:I will advice my foreign friend to visit Great Wall, where he or she can acquire knowledge of Chinese history.?
▶3. it 句式
A. 形式主语 it is +被动/形容词/名词+that从句/to do …
Eg1:It is suggested/ well-advised / supposed / proposed that sb. should (not) do …
Eg2:It is essential / necessary / advisable / convenient/ difficult/ hard/ comfortable for sb. (not) to do
Eg3:It is essential / necessary that sb. should (not) do …
Eg4:It is useless/useful doing sth.
B. 形式宾语
Eg1:An increasing number of students find it difficult to spell common words correctly.
Eg2:An increasing number of parents find it hard to have opportunities to chat with kids, who spend too much time on computers.
Eg3:A host of youngsters find it rather boring and hard to understand literature.
▶4. 强调句
A. 强调谓语:
Eg1:I love you. /I do love you. / I did love you.
Eg2:Cell phone/ Internet/ computer brings us convenience.
Cell phone/ Internet/ computer does bring us convenience.
B. 强调句式:It is/was +被强调成分+that/who+句子其他成分。
【步骤】
a. 先写出正确的简单句、并列句或复合句,明确单句的各个成分。
b. 在被强调成分(除谓语和补语外)两边添加it is/was 和that/who, 其他成分不变,必要时调整顺序。
【强调句式特征】去掉it is/was…that/who结构,整个句子无冗余或成分残缺。
Eg1:My mother always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.
It is my mother who/that always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.
It is when I have difficulties in study that my mother always encourages me not to lose heart.
Eg2:Parents’ protection does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.
(强调句式否定形式)It is parents’ protection that does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.
Eg3:The Internet does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.
It is the Internet that does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.
▶5. 倒装
A. 表否定的副词、短语或状语位于主语之前或句首,主句半倒装(一般疑问句语序);如never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, on no account, by mo means, in no case,
Eg1:I will never agree. Never will I agree.
B. Only +状语位于句首,主句半倒装。
Eg1:When my beloved is beside myself, I can feel the true happiness.
Only when my beloved is beside myself, can I feel the true happiness.
Eg2:When his computer crashes, he will come down-stairs for something to eat.
Only when his computer crashes, will he come down-stairs for something to eat.
Eg3:By doing small things, teenagers can accumulate ability and experience for something big.
Only doing small thing, can teenagers accumulate ability and experience for something big.
C.As/though倒装形式
Eg1:Although she is a girl, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.
Girl as she is, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.
Eg2:Though it is convenient, online shopping leads to some problems.
Convenient as/though it is, online shopping leads to some problems.
Eg3:Although it is simple, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.
Simple as it is, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.
▶6.双重否定:
Eg1:no ____ is / are more _____ than ________.
In contemporary society, no means of communication is more popular and common than cell phones.
Eg2:A strong will is very important.
The importance of a strong will cannot be too emphasized.
Eg3:Education helps people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.
Without education, it is impossible for people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.
▶7. Ving/ved 状语
A. 两个动作同时发生且主语一致,将次要动作写成v-ing或v-ed形式做状语,即动作与逻辑主语之间为主动关系时写成v-ing形式、为被动关系是写成V-ed形式。
Eg1:I climbed the stairs. I took a suitcase.
I climbed the stairs, taking a suitcase.
Climbing the stairs, I took a suitcase.
Eg2:When they are compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.
Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.
Bicycles, compared with cars, are superior in several ways.
B.两个动作主语一致,但前后发生,则可将先发生的动作写成Having +ved形式。
Eg1:He had lived in this city for years. He had no difficulty finding the way home.
Having lived in this city for years, he had no difficulty finding the way home.
▶8. 排比结构
Eg1:Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. (Bacon)
Eg2:We shall fight on the hills. We shall fight in the streets. We shall fight blood and sweet and tears. (Churchill)
Eg3:作为一种重要素质,自信带给我们力量、唤起我们对生活的热爱、帮助我们战胜困难。
As a vital quality, confidence brings us power, arouses our enthusiasm for life, and helps us to conquer difficulties.
考研英语中应用文写作,通过模板句型,经典的例句完全可以得到比较理想的分数,因为“言简意赅”就是它的特点。而大作文对于语言表达上的要求要高几个level,只是模式化的文字已经不足以打动考官,需要在原有的结构上进一步创新,让考官看的跌宕起伏,还是昏昏欲睡才是高低分的关键所在。
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