考研英语冲刺阶段的语法知识点

　　在考研冲刺阶段，大家不要忽视了一些重点语法知识点，不管是完型、阅读还是翻译写作，语法都是非常关键的。小编为大家精心准备了考研英语冲刺阶段的语法重点知识，欢迎大家前来阅读。

考研英语冲刺阶段的语法知识点

　　考研英语虚拟语气知识点

　　虚拟语气的重点是：

　　1.一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。

　　2.虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、的建议、的命令、的提议、的意愿等的主语从句、的宾语从句、的表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。

　　3.主从句表示不同的时间概念、的事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。

　　4.含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。

　　上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、的虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。

　　下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。

　　一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型

　　(1) 由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气

　　A.用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式(be动词用were)。

　　B.用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。

　　C.wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。

　　The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.

　　---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”

　　---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”

　　I wish that he weren’t so lazy.

　　(2) had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。

　　His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.

　　(3) would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：

　　I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。

　　I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。

　　I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。

　　(4) It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。

　　It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.

　　It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。

　　(5)as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：

　　Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.

　　The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

　　(6)由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如：

　　She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。

　　The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.

　　(7) if it were not for…与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：

　　If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.

　　(8) 虚拟语气用于as if(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。

　　They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。

　　She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。

　　(9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等

　　If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.

　　二、特殊形式的虚拟语气

　　虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、的建议、的命令、的提议、的意愿等的主语从句、的宾语从句、的表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。

　　A、的用于表示意愿、的建议、的命令、的提议、的请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：

　　ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求

　　command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望

　　determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张

　　move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令

　　prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心

　　recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 urge强调，促进

　　vote公认，提议 decree颁布(法令) pray请求

　　注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。

　　She advised that we should keep the gate locked.(书面体)

　　She advised us to keep the gate locked.(口语)

　　She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)

　　B、的用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：

　　advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的

　　determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的

　　complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的

　　desirable合意的 better较好的 insistent坚持的 desired想要

　　asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的

　　natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议

　　urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的

　　possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable (好一点)proposed提议

　　requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的

　　probable(可能的) pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾

　　注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…to do…

　　来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。

　　It is essential that he should be prepared for this.

　　It is essential for him to be prepared for this.

　　C.用于由表示建议、的要求、的命令、的请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有：

　　advice忠告 decision决定 demand要求 desire要求、的愿望

　　insistence坚持 motion提议 necessity必要性 order命令

　　preference偏爱 proposal提议 pray恳求 recommendation推荐

　　request要求 requirement要求 resolution决心 suggestion劝告、的忠告

　　例如：

　　This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。

　　The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。

　　三、的混合虚拟语气

　　有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说，在这种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同，所以我们又可以错综时间条件句，在这种虚拟情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语：时间状语。绝大多数情况下，从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语，这是我解题的关键。

　　If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.

　　A. haven’t watched B. didn’t watch

　　C. hadn’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched 答案选C。

　　Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.

　　Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.

　　混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句，这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同，而重要是事实和假设的混合。

　　I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.

　　该句前半部分是假设虚拟，而后半部分是事实的陈述。

　　Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.

　　该句前半句用的是假设虚拟，后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟(如果你去并且解释的'话)，但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气，因为“父母病了”是客观事实，故不需要用虚拟形式had been。

　　四、含蓄虚拟条件句

　　含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：

　　(1)介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。

　　the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.

　　A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选B。

　　But that she was afraid, she would have said no.

　　(2)连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。

　　She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.

　　If only I had more money, I could buy a car.

　　(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：

　　The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。

　　Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。

　　(3)通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。

　　I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.

　　A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。

　　(4)形容词及其比较级

　　A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.

　　A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.

　　(5)分词短语

　　Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.

　　Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.

　　(6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。

　　I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.

　　To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.

　　She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.

　　It would be easier to do it this way.

　　(7)名词短语和名词+and结构

　　A judicious man would not have committed suicide.

　　A diligent student would have worked harder.

　　(8)独立主格结构

　　All things considered, the price would be reasonable.

　　(9)定语从句

　　Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.

　　A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.

　　(10)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气：

　　I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.

　　The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.

　　(11)动词原形表示虚拟

　　动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。

　　God bless you!

　　All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.

　　She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).

　　If that be so, we shall take action at once.

　　考研英语冲刺语法倒装的八类用法

　　英语句子的语序一般是固定的：主语在前，谓语在后，这叫陈述语序。谓语的全部或一部分(助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前的现象称为倒装。倒装有两种情况：语法倒装和修辞倒装。因为语法结构而必须倒装的，叫语法倒装;为达到某种修辞目的而倒装的，叫修辞倒装。我们学习倒装的主要目的是增加对英语句式多样性的认识，以便在写作和口语中使用，这也是我们学习英语语法的主要目的。

　　1、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句要倒装

　　例如：

　　Shall I open the door? 要我开门吗?

　　Are you cold? 你冷吗?

　　Can you read this poem in German? 你能用德语朗诵这首诗吗?

　　Which of the pictures do you like best? 你最喜欢哪张画?

　　How are you getting along? 你目前怎么样?

　　When will there be lasting peace in the world?

　　什么时候世界上才能有持久的和平?

　　2、There be 句型当中。There be 句型表达的意思是：“某处有….”。这个句型的主语在谓语动词后面，因此这是倒装语序。

　　例如：

　　There are not many people who want to read this book.

　　想看这本书的人不多。

　　There once lived a pack of wolves in this cave.

　　在这个洞里曾经住过一群狼。

　　There happened to be a taxi parked at the gate.

　　碰巧门口停着一辆出租车。

　　There is going to be a change in our arrangement.

　　我们的安排将有一个变化。

　　3、当连词as 表示“虽然、尽管”引导让步状语从句时，句子要倒装，as 相当于though,可以替换。

　　如：

　　Small as/though the atom is, we can smash it.

　　尽管原子很小，我们可以击碎它。

　　Tired as/though he was, he went on working.

　　(=Although he was very tired, he went on working.)

　　虽然他很累，他还是接着工作。

　　Cold as/though it was, we went out. 虽然天气冷，我们还是出去了。

　　Child as/though she is, she knows a great deal.

　　她虽然是个孩子，但她懂得很多。

　　Teacher as he is, he knows little about teaching.

　　尽管他是个老师，但不懂什么教学。

　　Pilots as he claims he is, no one has ever seen him fly a plane.

　　尽管他声称是个飞行员，但谁也没见过他非飞机。

　　注意后四句是可数名词单数作表语并提前，习惯上不用冠词。

　　4、虚拟语气条件从句中的if 被省略时，要把从句中的were, had 或should 移到主语之前。(if 的省略、倒装只限于从句中有were, had 或should这三个词时。)

　　例如：

　　If I had been in your place, I wouldn’t have given it up so early.

　　=Had I been in your place, I wouldn’t have given it up so early.

　　如果我在你的位置，我不会这样早放弃。

　　If he were to succeed, the sun would rise from the west.

　　=Were he to succeed, the sun….

　　如果他能成功，太阳就会从西边出来。

　　If you should be asked about this, say that you know nothing.

　　=Should you be asked about this, say……

　　如果有人问起你这件事，你就说你什么也不知道。

　　Were there no air or water, there would be no life on the earth.

　　如果没有空气和水，地球上就不会有生命。

　　Had you been more careful, you might have avoided the mistake.

　　如果你再细心点，本来事可以避免这个错误的。

　　5、以so开头的，表示“也一样”，“也这样”的句子要倒装。So 用于肯定句，代替上文中的形容词、名词或动词，通常指前面所说的肯定情况也适用于其他人或物。结构是“so + be (do, have 其他助动词或情态动词)+主语”。

　　如：

　　Production is going up, so is the people’s standard of living.

　　生产不断发展，人们的生活水平也一样。

　　Society has changed and so have the people in it. 社会变了，

　　社会上的人也变了。

　　Coal is under the ground, and so is oil. 煤在地底下，石油也是。

　　He saw it, and so did I. 他看见了，我也看见了。

　　They can swim now, and so can we. 他们现在能游泳，我们也能。

　　We must start for the work-site now. So must you.

　　我们该动身去工地了，你们也该去了。

　　注意：如果只是对前句的内容表示同意，则不要倒装。

　　如：

　　It was hot yesterday. ?So it was! 昨天很热。是的。

　　He works very hard. ?So he does. 他工作很努力。是的。

　　Tomorrow will be Monday. ?So it will. 明天星期一。对。

　　翻译下列句子：

　　1)我会说英语。我弟弟也会。

　　I can speak English. So can my brother.

　　2)他们上星期日到颐和园去了。我们也去了。

　　They went to the Summer Palace last Sunday. So did we.

　　3)他去过长城。我也去过。

　　He has been to the Great Wall. So have I.

　　4)她喜欢教英语。我姐姐也喜欢。

　　She enjoys teaching English. So does my sister.

　　5)你说他很努力，对，他确实很努力，你也一样。

　　You say he works hard. So he does, and so do you.

　　注意：在so…..that…..结构中，如果so 在句首，通常也用倒装结构。

　　例如：

　　So easy is it that a boy can learn it.

　　那很容易，小孩子都能学。

　　(原句是：It is so easy that a boy can learn it.)

　　So rapidly did he speak that we could hardly understand him clearly. 他说得很快，我们简直听不清楚。

　　(原句是：He spoke so rapidly that we could hardly understand him clearly.)

　　6、以neither与nor开头的句子，表示“…也不”时，句子倒装。Neither 与nor 意思相同，可以互换。Neither, nor 用于否定句，通常指前面所说的否定情况也适用于其他人或物。结构是：Neither (nor) + be (do, have, 其他助动词或情态动词) +主语。

　　例如：

　　I won’t do such a thing. Nor/Neither will anyone else.

　　我不会做这样的事，别人也不会。

　　The first one wasn’t good and neither was the second.

　　第一个不好，第二个也不好。

　　I won’t go there. Neither will she.

　　我将不去那里。她也不去。

　　翻译练习：

　　1)我不知道他住哪儿。她也不知道。

　　I don’t know where he lives. Neither does she.

　　2)我不知道这两个句子的区别。?他们也不知道。

　　I don’t know the difference between these two sentences. Nor do they.

　　3)我昨天晚上没有写作文。魏芳也没写。

　　I didn’t write my composition yesterday evening. Neither did Wei Fang.

　　4)学生们不在教室里。老师也不在。

　　The students were not in the classroom. Nor was the teacher.

　　7、以here, there, now, then 等副词开头的句子中。习惯上用一般现在时(除以then开头的句子用过去时)。

　　例如：

　　There comes the bus! 汽车来了。

　　There goes the bell. 铃响了。

　　Now comes your turn. 该轮到你了。

　　Then came a new difficulty. 接着来了个新难题。

　　Then followed three days of heavy rain. 后来连着下了三天大雨。

　　Up went the plane. 飞起来了飞机。

　　Our rushed a cat from under the bed. 从床底下窜出一只猫。

　　Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你一封信。

　　注意：在这种句型中，如果主语是代词时就不倒装。

　　例如：

　　Here you are. 给你。

　　There he comes. 他来了。

　　Here it is. 这就是。

　　8、在表示祝愿的句子中。

　　如：

　　May you have a pleasant trip. 祝你旅途愉快。

　　考研英语冲刺强调句构成及处理知识点

　　●强调句的构成：

　　It is +被强调部分+that( who ) +句子其他成分

　　【解析】现在时间为is;过去时间为was;被强调部分为动词外的任何成分;强调对象为人则用who或者that;强调对象为物则只能用that;句子的其他成分为正常语序。

　　●强调句的处理方法：

　　去掉强调格式后，将被强调部分还原到句子中。

　　例1：It was she , a Baltimore printer , who published the first offcial copies of the Declaration , the first included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies .

　　【解析】

　　去掉强调格式后，还原句子为：She , a Baltimore printer , published the first official copies of the Declaration , the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies 被强调对象为主与。

　　【译文】

　　她，巴尔的摩的印刷商，出版了第一本官方的《独立宣言》在这个版本里包含有每个签署者的名字，这样一来就表明了全部十三个殖民地的支持。

　　例2：Thus , in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .

　　【解析】

　　去掉强调格式以后，句子还原为：Thus , in the American economic system ，the system , the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desirs of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .被强调对象为主语。

　　【译文】于是，在美国的经济系统中，个人消费者的需求，商人利润最大化的欲望及个人收入最大化的渴求，共同决定了应该生产什么产品，以及如何利用资源来成产这些产品。

　　例3：It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions.

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