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2017自考《英语一》语法大全：时态篇
在语法里，时或时态表示行为发生的时间和说话时的关系。一般分为过去式、现在式、将来式，通常也有与表示动作进行或终止的进行式和完成式等体貌一起相连用的情况。以下是百分网小编搜索整理的关于自考《英语一》语法大全：时态篇，供参考复习，希望对大家有所帮助!想了解更多相关信息请持续关注我们应届毕业生考试网!
一、现在完成时
1. 现在完成时的定义
现在完成时通常是指过去某一动作对现在的影响或过去某一动作持续到现在(可能要继续下去)
2. 现在完成时的构成
现在完成时是由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成的
3. 现在完成时的基本句型
肯定式I have worked He /She/ It has worked We have worked You have worked
They have worked
疑问式Have I worked? Has he /she / it worked? Have we worked? Have you worked?
Have they worked?
否定式I have not worked I haven’t worked He /She / It has not worked He / She / It hasn’t worked We have not worked We haven’t worked You have not worked You haven’t worked
They have not worked They haven’t worked
4. 现在完成时的基本用法
a. 现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响，后面通常不用时间状语，但句中常出现already, just, yet等副词。如：
Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。
I’ve just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本小说。
Have you seen the doctor yet?你看过医生了吗?
注：already和yet用法上的区别
already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末。但already有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。如：
b. 现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作，状态一直持续到现在，常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。如：
I have learned English for 5 years.
He lived in Beijing since he was born.
注：(1) for和since引导的时间状语的区别: for + 一段时间, since + 一点时间 从句(从句中常用一般过去时)
(2)表示继续的现在完成时也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past(last) few years……, this week (month, year……), all day, all this week等时间状语连用。如：
Tom has had a toothache all day.
I haven’t heard from him recently.
(3)现在完成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情，常和often, ever, never, before, once, …times等时间状语连用。如：
I’ve never been to Beijing.我从没去过北京。
He has read this book before.他以前读过这本书。
1. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
(1)两者都可表示过去发生过的动作，但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响，而后者则是表示过去动作的事实。
(2)两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时含义为该动作仍在继续，而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。如：
He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。(动作仍在继续)
He lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年。(动作已结束)
2. 点动词与延续性动词的区别
所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如：begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive, join, marry等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：
I have bought a book.我买了一本书。
I’ve had this book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。
某些非延续性动词可以与since连用，表示重复的动作或状态。如：
I have met her often since I moved here.
They have gone fishing five times since last spring.
有些非延续性动词现在完成时在否定结构中可以与since或for短语连用。如：
He has never touched beer for a whole week.
I haven't bought anything for a year.
3. has been to和has gone to的区别
has been to表示“曾经去过”说明所提及的对象一回到说话地点
has gone to表示“去……”说明所提及的对象不在说话地点。如：
I’ve been to Beijing for many times.我到过北京很多次了。
Tom has gone to Beijing and will come back next week.汤姆已到北京去了，下星期才回来。
4. have got的含义
have got形式上是现在完成时，却和have是同一个意思
She has got a slight temperature. She has a slight temperature.她有点发烧。
Have you got a new dictionary? Do you have a new dictionary?你有一本新字典吗?
5. 注意下面各句的意思：
He has gone for two days. 他走了，将离开两天。= He has gone and will be away for two days.
She has come for a week. 她来了，要呆一个星期。= She has come and will stay here for a week.
I haven't heard from her since she lived in Nanjing. 自从她离开南京以来，我一直没有她的音信。
1.You won’t know if it fits you until you ___ it on.
A. will try B. are trying C. try D. have tried
2.It’s said that he ___ sent to Australia to improve his English.
A. would be B. was to be C. has been D. had been
3.This is the second time you ___ late this week.
A. had arrived B. arrived C. have arrived D. arrive
4.The living standard of the people in Nanjing ___ since1983.
A. has raised B. had been risen C. has risen D. rose
5.Mr. Smith has lived in Canada for twelve years, so he ___ life there.
A. used to B. get used to C. got used to D. has got used to
6.Mike ___ with Jane for one year.
A. has been in love B. has fallen in love C. has been loved D. has loved
7. Tom was said to ___ Mary for 40 years.
A. have been married to B. have married with C. have been married with D. had married with
8.Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place, have been set up B. have taken place, have been set up
C. have taken place, have set up D. were taken place, were set up
9.Robert is said ___ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
10.The price ___, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
二、过去进行时
1过去进行时的定义
过去进行时常表示过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段内正在进行的动作。
2过去进行时的构成
过去进行时是由“be动词的过去式was/were+现在分词”构成。
3过去进行时的基本句型
肯定式I was working He / She / it was working. We were working. They were working You were working
疑问式Were you working? Was he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it was. No, he / she / it wasn’t. Were we working? Were you working? Were they working?
否定式I was not working He / she / it was not working. We were not working You were not working They were not working
4过去进行时的基本用法
a.过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如：
I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。
They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。
b.过去进行时可与soon, the next moment, in minutes, minutes later等时间状语连用，表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。如：
Soon the whole town was talking about it.不久镇上的人就都谈论起这种事了。
c.过去进行时可用来申述原因或用作借口，这种用法常用在口语中。如：
-- Have you finished your homework, Mary?玛丽，你作业做完了吗?
-- No, I was helping my mother is the kitchen all day yesterday.还没呢，我昨天一天都帮妈妈在厨房干活。
d.过去进行时可用来为一个后一系列动作的发生提供背景。如：
I hurt my leg when I was riding a bike.我在骑车时把腿摔坏了。
e.过去进行时可表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算，这时be动词was/were要重读。如：
I was writing him a letter this morning and forgot all about it .我本该今天早上给他写信的，后来全给忘了。
I was seeing her tomorrow. 我本来打算明天会见她。
He was watching the play yesterday, but he was too busy. 他昨天本来要看那场戏的，可是太忙了。
5 一般过去时和过去进行时的区别
(1)一般过去式常表示在过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态(包括过去习惯动作)，常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有just now, a moment ago, yesterday, last week(month, year), the day before yesterday及表示过去的时间状语从句。如：
I was sixteen yesterday old last year.我去年16岁。
He worked in a factory in 1986.他1986年在一家工厂工作。
I met her in the street the day before yesterday.前天我在街上遇见了她。
He often swam in the river when he was young.他小时侯常在河里游泳。
(2)过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有，at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week…), at+点钟+yesterday (last night / Sunday…)，when sb. did sth等时间状语从句。
What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday?昨天晚上七点你在干什么?
I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time.我第一次遇到玛丽是在三年前，当时她在一家无线电商店工作。
I was cooking when she knocked at the door.她敲门时我正在做饭。
(3)一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。如：
I saw you while you were speaking to the teacher.你在和老师谈话时我看见了你。
注意：有的过去时间状语既可用于一般过去时，也可用于过去进行时，但含义不同。如：
She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。(信写完了)
She was writing a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。(信不一定写完)
一、过去进行时的时间状语
1.when 和while引导的状语从句中，强调某个动作正在进行的过程中时要用进行时态，while表示一段时间，因此它所引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用进行时态，如：
When/While we were having supper, the light went out.我们正在吃饭时灯熄灭了。
2.when用作并列连词时，主句常用进行时态，从句则用一般过去时，表示主句动作发生的过程中，另一个意想不到的动作发生了。如：
I was walking in the street when someone called me.我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。
二、下面几种情况不用一般过去时而要用过去进行时：
1. 表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。如：
Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week.汤姆那一周里每天都是六点钟起床。
2. 与always连用表示赞美，厌烦等感情色彩时。如：
John was always coming to school late.约翰上学总是迟到。
Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people.雷锋总是为人民做好事。
3. 用来描写故事发生的情景时。如：
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.那是一个漆黑的夜晚，风刮得很厉害，雨下得很大，一个解放军战士突然出现在河岸上，他想过河去。
4. when作并列连词，表示“(这时)突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如：
I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步，突然遇见了他。
We were playing outside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。
5go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。如：
I was leaving for Wuhan that day.那天我正要去武汉。
She was coming later.她随后就来。
三、过去进行时表示婉转语气(只限于want, hope, wonder 等动词)，用以提出请求。如：
I was wondering if you could help me.
I was hoping you could send me home.
1.My brother ___ while he ___ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding C. had fallen, rode D. had fallen, was riding
2. Tom ___ into the house when no one ___.
A. slipped, was looking B. had slipped, looked C. slipped, had looked D. was slipping, looked
3.The last time I __ Jane she ___ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen, was picking B. saw, picked C. had seen, picked D. saw, was picking
4.I don’t think Jim saw me; he ___ into space.
A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
5.I first met Lisa three years ago. She ___ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked
6.---Hey, look where you are going! ---Oh, I’m terribly sorry.________.
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
7. The reporter said that the UFO ___ east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
8. I ___ my breakfast when the morning post came.
A. had B. had been having C. have been having D. was having
9.When I arrived at his office, he ___ on the phone.
A. was speaking B. spoke C. had been speaking D. had spoken
10. “What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad.”
“Oh, nothing much. As a matter of fact, I ___ of my friends back home.”
A. just thought B. have just been thinking C. was just thinking D. have just thought
三、过去完成时
1 过去完成时的定义
过去完成时表在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作。强调“过去的过去”
2 过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成
3 过去完成时的基本句型
肯定式I had worked He/She/It had worked We had worked You had worked They had worked
否定式I had not worked He /She/It had not worked We had not worked You had not worked They had not worked
疑问式Had I worked? Had he/she/it worked? Had we worked? Had you worked? Had they worked?
简略回答Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t. Yes, he/she/it had. No, he/she/it hadn’t. Yes, we had. No, we hadn’t. Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t. Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t.
4 过去完成时的基本用法
(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。例如：
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
(3)叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。
(5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如：
He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
(6)在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中，如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的，那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。例如：
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
(7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。
(8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。
1.历史事实通常用一般过去时表示，如：
They learned that President Lincoln led the American War.
He told the students that Hitler killed millions of Jews.
2.过去完成时可以代替一般过去时，表示惊奇，如：
I saw her coming, but in a minute, she had disappeared.
They wanted to keep it a secret, but a few days later, everyone had known it.
3. 过去完成时可表示对后来动作的影响，对比下面两组句子：
A) He had eaten something before taking dinner. (So he had no appetite at dinner.)
B) He ate something before taking dinner. (He might have his usual appetite at dinner.)
A) She felt better after she had taken a few days'' rest. (Feeling better is the result of taking a few days'' rest.)
B) She felt better after she took a few days'' rest. (Feeling better may not be the result of taking a few days''s rest.)
单项选择
1.By the time he was twelve, Edison ______ to make a living by himself.
A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun
2.That dinner was the most expensive meal we _______.
A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had
3.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party.
A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived
4.When Jack arrived he learned Mary ______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. has set off C. had left D. had been away
5. ---How long _______ each other before they ______ married? ---For about a year.
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got
6.Helen ________ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _______ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come
下列各句中出现了时态使用错误，请指出并改正
1.When she was at the middle school, she often reads in the library.
2.When she got home, the children went to bed.
3.He said he didn’t see his uncle for many years.
4.I didn’t go to see the film because I saw it before.
5.The wind was still blowing, but the rain has stopped.
6.By the end of last term we learned about 1,500 English words.
7.Lu Xun had spoken to the youth about the study of the foreign language.
8.Yang Mei learned some English before she came to this school.
四、现在完成进行时
1 定义
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。
2 现在完成进行时的构成
现在完成进行时是由“have/has+been+动词的现在分词”构成
3 现在完成进行时的基本句型
肯定式I have been working. He/She/It has been working. We/You/They have been working.
疑问式Have you been working? Has he/she/it been working? Have they been working?
简略回答Yes, I/we have.No, I/we haven’t. Yes, he/she/it has.No, he/she/it hasn’t. Yes, they have.No, they haven’t.
注： 现在完成进行时基本上没有否定结构
4 现在完成时的语法作用
(1)在强调指出动作还未结束，还要继续下去。如：I’ve been reading this book for two hours, but I haven’t finished it. 这本书我已读了两个小时了，但我还没读完。
I’ve read this book.我已读完这本书了。
(2)强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。
She has always been working like that.她一贯是这样工作的。
(3)动作不包含持续意义的动作，要表示延续到现在的动作，要用现在完成进行时。
They’ve been building a ship.(在进行)他们一直在造一艘船。
(4)现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。
We’ve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们经常见面。
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
(1)现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较：
We’ve been living here for ten years.
We’ve lived here for ten years.我们在这儿已经住了十年了。
(2)在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如：
The students have been preparing for the exam.(还在进行)学生们一直在准备考试。
The students have prepared for the exam.(已经结束)学生们为考试作了准备。
(3)有些表示状态，感情，感觉的动词如：have, exist, like, hate, hear, know, sound等动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如：
They’ve known each other since 1970.自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。
单项选择
1.Even though they ___ for twenty years, the two neighbours are not on good terms.
A. have been lived side by side B. had been living side by side
C. have been side by side living D. have been living side by side
2.I haven’t seen Mary these past few days, I’m afraid she ___ herself for some time.
A. hasn’t been feeling B. hadn’t been feeling C. isn’t feeling D. wasn’t feeling
3.She ___ on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.
A. will be working B. worked C. has been working D. will have worked
4.---Hi, Tracy, you look tired. ---I’m tired. I ___ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
5.---Hi, Joan, I have seen you for weeks. What ___ recently?
---Carrying on some research on wildlife.
A. have you been doing B. have you done C. were you doing D. did you do
6.You must be tired now since you ___ for five hours.
A. have been worked B. have been working C. worked D. would work
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