全国英语专八考试阅读题型基础训练

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全国英语专八考试阅读题型基础训练

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全国英语专八考试阅读题型基础训练

　　“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”

　　This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.

　　With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.

　　The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”

　　The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.

　　“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”

　　习题

　　1.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________.

　　[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade

　　[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright

　　[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years

　　[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered

　　2. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.

　　[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients

　　[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living

　　[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers

　　[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients

　　3. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________.

　　[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person

　　[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated

　　[C] that can be driven out of normal cells

　　[D] which normal cells can’t turn off

　　4. The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means ________.

　　[A] dead

　　[B] ever-present

　　[C] inactive

　　[D] potential

　　全文翻译

　　“我有极大的信心相信到这个十年期结束时我们将会详尽地知晓癌细胞的生成原因，”一位癌症专家和微生物学家罗伯特温伯格说道。“但是，”他告诫说，“有些人认为一旦人们弄清了病因，治疗方法很快就会跟上。例如法国细菌学家巴斯德，他发现了许多传染病的成因，但治疗方法却在五六十年后才问世。”

　　今年，91万癌症患者中有一半将至少再活5年。国家癌症研究所估计，到2000年存活率将升至75%。现在对于一些皮肤癌来说，5年期的存活率高达90%，但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧——肺癌13%，胰腺癌2%。

　　癌症种类现有多达120多种，发现其规律实属不易。研究者在70年代取得了很大的进展。当时他们发现致癌基因，即那些可以引起癌症的基因，在正常细胞中是不活动的。从宇宙射线到辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都有可能激活处于沉寂状态中的致癌基因，但是如何激活不为人所知。如果若干致癌基因被激活，而细胞无力排除，它们就演变成了癌细胞。

　　导致癌变的确切机制仍然是个谜，但是许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。“变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分，”肿瘤专家威廉海沃德说道。环境因素永远无法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那样：“我们无法准备出一种抗宇宙射线的药。”

　　治癌前景虽然遥远，但却越来越明朗了。

　　“首先，我们需要了解正常细胞如何控制其本身。其次，我们必须查明细胞中是否有一定数量的基因总是造成至少部分麻烦的原因。如果我们能弄清癌症的原理，我们就能采取相应的措施。”

　　重点句

　　The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.

　　该句意义：

　　该句虽然简短，但是其将转折语气以插入语的结构进行了表达。在考研写作中，我们可以完全参照写出相应的句子。比如：The prospect for eliminating pollution, though still distant, is brighter. 消除污染的前景尽管遥远，但是已经更加明朗了。