全国英语专八考试听力原文辅导
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SECTION A MINI-LECTURE
In this section, you will hear a mini-lecture. You willhear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, takenotes on the important points. Your notes will not bemarked,but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture isover, you'll be given two minutes to check yournotes,and another 10 minutes to complete the gap-filling task. Now listen to the mini-lecture.
Good morning. Before you write something, youneed to have a clear idea of the topic,the audience, and the purpose of your writing. In thislecture, we'll concentrate on one of these elements, the audience. This is a very importantconcept for writing. The term audience usually refers to viewers of movies and TV shows andlisteners of radio programs. Here we expand it to include readers of written materials indiscussions of writing activities. Why is this concept so important? As shown in the example inour book, the same topic, when written to different audiences, can have very different content,structure, style, etc. Thus, the importance of a keen awareness of your audience throughoutthe writing process can not be overemphasized. Audiences can be examined from threedifferent perspectives: 1. your social relations to your audience 2. your audience's knowledgeabout your subject 3. your audience's attitudes or viewpoints to the subject and your positionin the writing Let's discuss them one by one. Now, first point, analyze your audience in terms ofyour social relations. Whenever you write, you are interacting with other members of thesociety. Are you writing to a friend of yours? To a colleague? To the director of your businessfirm? To the admission office of an American college? In each situation, you have a differentsocial relationship with your audience and this relationship has a definite impact on the shapeof your writing. No one in his or her right mind would write a letter of application to the deanof the graduate school as if the dean was one of his or her buddies. The second point, analyzeyour audience in terms of their knowledge of the subject you are writing about. This analysis isvaluable particularly in informative and explanatory writing. Suppose you are writing a papercomparing the Mid-autumn Festival to Thanksgiving, how much knowledge would you assumeyour American readers already have about the Chinese holiday and how much about their own?Obviously,very little about the former and a whole lot about the latter. In such a paper, youwant to take care not to bore your readers to death by telling them what they already knowwhile leaving them tantalizingly unsatisfied about what they are so eager to learn. Theemphasis here should be to show the striking differences and subtle parallels rather than togive exhaustively detailed information on each holiday. Now, the third point, analyze youraudience in terms of their attitudes or viewpoints to the subject and your position in thewriting. This analysis is vitally important in writing persuasive or argumentative essays,which is much more complex and challenging. In a persuasive essay you present reasonsand arguments to convince your readers that they should accept a belief or to take a positionor a specific action. For persuasive or argumentative writings, you can classify audiencesinto three groups: those who agree, those who are neutral or undecided, and those whodisagree. When writing to an audience who already sees eye to eye with you about acontroversial issue,is there much you need to do? Not much. If you are addressing anaudience who already shares your view about developing and maintaining a mature andconstructive relationship between China and the United States in the 21st century, all youneed to do reiterate why such a relationship is in the vital interests of both countries and ofthe whole world. When writing to audiences who are neutral or undecided, you have the mostto do and can hope to achieve a lot. Say you want to propose that a new financial aid systembe established to help those bright students in rural and less prosperous areas of thecountry. You are concerned that with today's new tuition policy and practice, those studentswill be priced out of a chance for the high education they deserve so much. Some people maybe undecided because they have some doubts and concerns: where does the money needed forsuch an aid come from? What are the specific standards whereby to award scholarships? Arethere more fair and efficient alternative solutions? Once you find out why your audiences areundecided,you need to address their doubts and concerns as directly and fully as possible. Youhave a fairly good chance of winning them over when their questions are answeredsatisfactorily. And audiences who disagree are the most difficult to write to. Different peopledisagree with you for different reasons. Some of them may have already given the issue athought and have already made a choice; therefore,it is extremely difficult to change theirminds. Others who disagree may not have had the time to think it over seriously. There aretwo main possible reasons why your audiences may disagree with you: 1) because they don'thave the "facts" or because they look at the same "facts" differently. 2) because they areinfluenced by their personal opinion, prejudice, and political or religious beliefs. Once you havefound why they disagree, you can decide what is the best approach to such audiences. If it isa lack of information, your job is to give them the relevant historical as well as up to dateinformation as accurately as possible. If it is for personal, political and religious reasons,youneed to recognize them, understand them, and address them accordingly. Now, we can seethat audience awareness is so crucial to the success of your writing. In actual practice, youmay need to analyze your audience in terms of three factors: social relations, knowledge, andviewpoints in order to decide the best approach for your writing. And in the next lecture, we'lldiscuss the writing purpose and your role in the writing. Thank you for your attention!
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Section B INTERVIEW
In this section you will hear everything ONCEONLY.Listen carefully and then answer the questionsthat follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on aninterview. At the end of the interview, you will begiven 10 seconds to answer each of the following 5questions. Now listen to the interview.
Good morning, listeners.Today I'd like to introduceour guest speaker George Allen from the BritishCouncil, who is going to talk to us about living in theUK. George, over to you. Thank you. As you are nodoubt aware the UK is becoming a popular destination for people who wish to study atuniversity, so what I'd like to do is, well,just give you listeners an insight into what living in theUK is really like. You know, what to expect when you get there and the cost of living,as well aswhat to do before you arrive in the UK. What do students have to consider first before theygo? Finance, of course. Britain is quite an expensive place to live in. Therefore, you need toconsider costs very carefully. And one of the major expenses is tuition fees. University coursesrange from about 5,000 pounds to 8,000 pounds, depending on the type of course. Then,other expenses such as books, which can cost about 500 pounds per year. That's aconsiderable amount. Then where do you suggest students to stay? As for accommodation,many people prefer to stay in the university's hall of residence because living on campus is alot cheaper than living off campus. A room in halls would cost you about 80 pounds per weekoutside of London. The north of England, however, is much cheaper. Then what about living offcampus? Well, you can rent a private house with a group of other students. You may think thiswould be an expensive option, but if you share the cost with three or four other students itcan actually work out cheaper than a room on campus. But do bear in mind that you haveadditional transport costs to and from university. However, if anyone is interested in rentingoff campus, the university accommodation can offer advice, and even help you to find asuitable place. That's good news. What is the climate like in the UK? Britain is famous for itsbad weather and for good reasons. It rains often in the UK, and even in the summer it can stillbe quite cold. So take plenty of warm clothes with You can, of course, buy warm clothes whenyou are there, and indeed,they don't have to be too expensive if you go to a local market. Buttaking your own is, of course,a cheaper option. You bet. George, some listeners are anxiousabout food there. Is it really unpleasant? Many people who visit the UK often find the foodrather boring and uninteresting. This is because, generally, people don't use spices in theircooking. Nevertheless, some of the food, I must say, is actually rather good. And the cheapestplaces to eat out are often local pubs, where they serve excellent home-cooked food, as well asserving as the centre of social life in most towns and cities in the UK. Besides local pubs, arethere coffee shops as well? You know the UK is a great tea drinking nation.Therefore, don'texpect to find too many American style coffee shops. There are, of course,many to be found inbig cities such as London, but tea shops, as they are called, are much more common. What dopeople do for recreation after study or work? There is excellent nightlife in Britain.All the majorcities such as Manchester, Birmingham and Liverpool are a center of cultural activities. However,you may think London has the best nightlife. But Manchester, I must say, tops the bill. Being amulticultural city you will find all kinds of entertainment there from theaters to nightclubs,aswell as museums and art galleries. And it's considerably cheaper than London,whilstundoubtedly offering the best the country has to offer. However, if you prefer a quieter life thenI would certainly recommend the southwest of England. There you will find wonderfulcountryside with the most spectacular views and many traditional towns and villages. Sostudents need to get well prepared for everything you introduced just now. But where can theyfind detailed information on them? Well, a good guide book is compulsory. It should containmaps and information about where to go and what to do. Internet is also a valuable source ofinformation. My main advice, of course,, is to contact the university accommodation office. Tellthem when and where you will arrive and ask them how to get to the university from theairport. George, you have given us valuable advice on living in the UK. It's very beneficial toour listeners.Thanks a lot. It's my pleasure.
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Section C NEWS BROADCAST
In this section, you will hear everything ONCE ONLY.Listen carefully and then answer the questions thatfollow. Questions 6 to 7 are based on the followingnews. At the end of the news item, you will be given10 seconds to answer each of the twoquestions.Now listen to the news.
At one time, scientists thought the space betweenEarth and Sun was a vacuum. But we now knowthat the sun fills it with gusts of hot,electricallycharged atomic particles called the solar wind.Sometimes this wind blows hard. When the Sun's outer layer is very active,it hurls nearly one-third of its gaseous matter outward at supersonic speeds. The U.S. government's oceans andatmosphere agency NOAA,has a Space Environment Center to monitor these discharges. Thecenter's director, Ernest Hildner, says intense solar emissions are not dangerous to people onthe ground, but can be a hazard to airplane occupants and astronauts. They can also shutdown satellites, power networks, communications, and other technical systems. Question 8 isbased on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds toanswer the question.Now listen to the news. Today Yasmine El-Safy is getting ready to sendthe latest issue of MG Magazine out to its subscribers. Yasmine El-Safy is MG magazine'sfounder, publisher and editor-in-chief. She is thirteen and a half years old. She says she startedthis magazine for Muslim girls because she couldn't relate to anything in the mainstream media.Living in a neighborhood in the Los Angeles area of California, with few other Muslim families,the magazine has also been a way for Yasmine to meet Muslim girls like herself. Throughwebsites and Internet discussion groups, Yasmine recruited other girls, one from as far away asKuwait,to contribute to the magazine. They write about things such as peers pressure anddressing modestly, and being a Muslim in a non-Muslim world. While MG Magazine is producedby Muslim girls,there is adult supervision provided by Yasmine's mother Lyla El-Safy, who saysthat the articles in the magazine reflect Muslim values. Questions 9 and 10 are based on thefollowing news. At the end of the news item,you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of thetwo questions.Now listen to the news. Russian President Vladimir Putin welcomes ChinesePresident Hu Jintao to Moscow Thursday for a four-day official visit. The two leaders areexpected to talk on strengthening bilateral relations,especially in the areas of energy and trade.One day before President Putin was to host his Chinese counterpart, the Kremlin announcedthat 2006 would officially be named the Year of Russia in China,with the Year of China to followin Russia in 2007. The growing sense of accord between the two neighbors, is not lost onanalysts. Many say that while this week's talks will not likely lead to any real breakthroughs,they will go a long way toward forging what officials on both sides are calling, a new relationship.