2014托福词汇语法讲解汇总
第一讲 词类
一、 冠词
【概念】
冠词是一种虚词，用在名词或者名词性短语的前面，表示名词是特指还是泛指。
冠词可以分为定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a / an)。
【你来练习】 an 用在元音音素前
____ university ____ upward trend ______ European
____ engineer _____ hot dog ______ honour
(一) 不定冠词(a / an)的用法
1. 第一次提及的人或物，泛指某人或某物之前
1) Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home.
2) [一个最近的调查] conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has found that one third of the white collar workers suffer from insomnia and depression.
2. 表示一类人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with.
A dog is a common animal.
3. 不定冠词用在事物的“单位”前，如时间、价格等意义的名词前，表示“每一”。
1).People are suggested to do exercises . [至少一周两次]
2).Health experts recommend that people should drink . [一天八杯水]
4. 不定冠词用于固定词组中，如 quite a little, a large(good,great) amount /sum/deal of,
quite a few, a great(good,great) number of, a good many (of), a host of,
a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of a large quantity of /a series of/ a good supply of
1).Excessive intake of high fat, sugar and calories leads to a host of health problems.
2).Obesity is no longer a personal health problem, but a thorny issue inducing a series of social problems.
5. 用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一” Can you give me a second chance?
6. 抽象名词具体化，被具体化的名词要加不定冠词
a surprise a success a pleasure
7. 用于固定搭配中 once a week ; a series of; a piece of ;a wide range of
(二) 定冠词(the)的用法
1. 定冠词特指，上文中已经提到过的人或者事物，或双方明确所指的人或物前。
1) There are many factors that contribute to child and adolescent obesity. The factors may include age, sex, genes, psychological makeup and environment.
2) In network age, the development of the library faces new challenges.
2. 定冠词与可数名词单数连用，表示一类人或者物。
1) [电脑] and video games contribute to children’s inactive lifestyles.
2) [吸烟者] causes damage to others through second-hand smoking.
3. 定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或者自然现象名词前
the earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the South Pole, the universe, the Bible
4. 定冠词用在序数词、形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前。
5. 用在乐器名称前，特别是西洋乐器
但中国名族乐器和音乐名词前不用冠词
6. 用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”
7.用在年代，朝代，时代名词前
8. 用于江河，海洋，湖泊，海峡，山脉，群岛。
9. 用在习语中all the same;all the time;at the moment;at the same time ;by the way
【你来翻译】
3) 最有效的方式
4) 有同样经验的人
5) 西游记
6) 他是我最不想见的人。
(三) 零冠词用法概述
1.表示泛指的复数名词前,表示一类人或事物
Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways.
2.在季节、节日、星期、月份及三餐等名词前
[吃早饭] ___________is a good way to start the day and may be important in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.
3. 指职位、头衔的词
4. 在表示棋类或球类的名词前
第二讲 句子结构
Chapter Two —— Sentence Structure
1.主语：主语是一个句子的主体，一般位于句首，表示句子说的是什么人或者什么事情。一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当。
The girl is pretty.
He is a volunteer.
To see is to believe
Reading is useful.
What is more unbelievable is the fact that he didn’t die.
2.谓语：说明主语做什么，是什么或者怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成.谓语在人称和数的方面必须要和主语一致。
They are teachers.
She looks well.
He can speak English.
He studies hard.
He laughed at his classmates.
3.宾语: 是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当.它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后。
She plays the piano.
He often helps me.
I like watching TV.
She likes to go to shop this afternoon.
I think that he is a good guy.
注：直接宾语和间接宾语：英语中，一些及物动词如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以带两个宾语。一个指人，叫间接宾语;一个指物，叫直接宾语。