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2017职称英语《理工A》阅读理解模拟题和答案
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下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定l个最佳选项。
第一篇
Immune Functions
The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive (蜂巢). The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective, and self-limiting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or non-self molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders (入侵者). Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a non-self molecule, the system has the ability to "remember" the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly.
With the possible exception of antibodies (抗体) passed during lactation (授乳期) , this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must "learn" from experience with the many millions of distinctive non-self molecules in the sea of microbes (微生物) in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each non-self invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen (抗原) . Antigens are not to be confused with allergens (过敏源) , which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium, or even a portion or product of one of these organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual also act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, non-antigenic building blocks.
An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes (抗原表位) , which protrude (突出) from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface; some may even carry several hundreds. Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.
Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as non-self and execute a misdirected immune attack.
31. What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system?
A. The immune system's memory.
B. Immune troops eliminating intruders.
C. Bees flying around a hive.
C. A sea of microbes.
32. The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known as_________.
A. self-tolerance.
B. balance.
C. harmony.
D. tolerance.
33. How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as "foreign" or "non-self"?
A. Through an allergic response.
B. Through blood type.
C. Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface.
D. Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface.
34. Which of the following statement is true?
A. Allergens are usually harmful substances.
B. Antigens can trigger an immune response.
C. People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses.
D. There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.
35. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?
A. An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response.
B. One of the immune system's primary functions is the allergic response.
C. The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes.
D. The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and non-self.
第二篇
Wikipedia Imposes New Curbs (约束) on Editing Articles
Wikipedia, the famous online encyclopedia, is looking to impose more discipline with new restrictions on the editing of articles.
The latest changes come as Wikipedia tries to balance a need for credibility and a desire for openness. While anyone can still edit entries, the site is testing pages that won't register changes until they are approved by an experienced Wikipedia editor. If the site's users respond well to the test run, the new restrictions will apply to all entries for living people in the next few weeks.
The idea is to block the kind of vandalism( 故意破坏 )that has damaged some pages. In one of the most recent embarrassments, US Democratic Senators Robert Byrd was prematurely declared dead by the editors. Still, Wikipedia risks discouraging legitimate editing if restrictions on changes or additions become too burdensome, keeping articles from getting better or keeping up with events.
That may be especially true on more obscure pages with fewer active volunteers to approve edits timely.Aware of the risks, Wikipedia has set the criteria for "experienced editor" status relatively low.Users who are registered for a few days can give changes, said Jay Walsh, a spokesman for the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation, which runs the site.
A more uniform system for filtering changes on Wikipedia represents a step back from the site's original philosophy, which called for creating the collective knowledge of volunteer editors without any major restrictions.
Some observers believe Wikipedia must continue tightening editing policies if it wants to gain credibility. "I'm just waiting for the other shoe to drop," said Erie Goldman, director of the High Tech Law Institute at the Santa Clara University School of Law. "My hope is that Wikipedia still exists and is still considered a useful site," Goldman said. "But it will be at that point a very tightly controlled site. It won't have that veneer (外表) of a site that anyone can contribute to. They haven't closed the drawbridge (吊桥) . People can still get in. But it keeps going up and up and up."
Separately, the Omidyar Network, a philanthropic (博爱的，慈善的 ) investment group started by eBay founder Pierre Omidyar, said on Tuesday it is committing $2 million over two years to the Wikimedia Foundation. Omidyar Network's grant will support Wikimedia's goals of bringing free educational content to people around the world and supporting more people to help create that content.
36. What is the latest change of Wikipedia?
A. Now not everybody can edit entries in Wikipedia.
B. Fewer restrictions will be posed on the edition of entries.
C. Some of the pages will not register changes without the approval of an experienced editor.
D. All entries for living people will not be edited from now on.
37. Which statement about Robert Byrd is false?
A. He is a member of American Democratic Party.
B. He is a member of the Senate.
C. He was wrongly declared dead by Wikipedia.
D. He used to edit entries in Wikipedia.
38. Why has Wikipedia set the criteria for "experienced editor" status relatively low?
A. Because experienced editors are rare.
B. Because a lot of people are interested in the editing of entries.
C. Because stricter criteria may discourage legitimate editing.
D. Because people receive no pay for their editing.
39. Which of the following statements about Wikipedia is true?
A. This is the fist time that Wikipedia imposes restrictions on the editing of entries.
B. People can still edit all the entries on the English site freely.
C. The current discipline imposed on the editing of articles is not strict so that it caused embarrassments.
D. Wikipedia is now firmly sticking to its original philosophy.
40. Pierre Omidyar is
A. a senator.
B. a spokesman of Wikipedia.
C. a university professor.
D. an enterpriser.
第三篇
Tightened Visa Regulations
According to South Korea's new visa regulations, native speakers of English in South Korea will be required to undergo criminal record checks, medical and drug tests, provide sealed academic transcripts ( 成绩单 ) and have their university diplomas inspected. The Korea Times has reported the tightened regulations will affect an estimated 17,000 foreigners that hold E-2 visas--specifically for foreign language teachers.
The most controversial requirement is that English teachers residing (居住) outside South Korea will have to have an interview at a South Korean Embassy before taking up their teaching posts. For applicants living in remote areas in Canada, Australia or the US, this is an additional travel burden. Meanwhile, foreign teachers currently living in South Korea must leave the country after their one-year contracts and renew their visas by visiting a neighboring country and return without additional documentation (文件证据).
The visa changes are a reaction to public concern about the suitability of some foreign teachers. A report from the South Korean Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development shows between 2001 and August of this year, 1,481 foreign language teachers have been caught for a range of offenses including forged (伪造的 ) degrees, visa violations and general lawbreaking.
But the changes are likely to slow up the supply of teachers to South Korea's English language education sector. According to Michael Duffy, manager of a teacher placement service in South Korea, applicants have to spend a few hundred dollars and several months on getting affidavits (书面陈述书) for documents. "South Koreahas put up too many hoops (圈) to jump through," he said, adding that foreigners would seek work elsewhere. Most foreigners wonder if the experience of working in South Korea will be worth the burden of the paper work and increasing restrictions. "I don't think (South) Korea has thought this through," said Scott Mclnnis, a Canadian teacher based in Incheon near Seoul. "This is a reactionary move by the government that will have strong implications for the EFL community."
As part of the efforts to ease the discontent (不满), the South Korean Ministry of Justice has granted a three-month grace period for current E-2 visa holders to prepare the necessary documents.
41. Which of the following is NOT required of an E-2 visa applicant?
A. To pass a Korean language test.
B. To undergo a medical test.
C. To provide sealed school reports.
D. To undergo a drug test.
42. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that before the visa regulations were revised foreign teachers didn't have to________.
A. sign new contracts if they wanted to continue to work.
B. go through any formalities if they wanted to stay a bit longer.
C. visit a neighboring country if they wanted to renew their visas.
D. interview a South Korean official if they wanted to apply for work permits.
43. The list of crimes many foreign language teachers committed between 2001 and August of this year did NOT include_________.
A. visa violations.
B. forged degrees.
C. subversive activities.
D. general lawbreaking.
44. The new visa policy aims at
A. protecting South Korea from terrorist attacks.
B. improving foreign language teaching in South Korea.
C. providing more job opportunities for the South Korean people.
D. encouraging the South Korean people to learn the Chinese language.
45. EFL in Paragraph 4 is an abbreviation of
A. easily forgotten lovers.
B. extremely fussy lawyers.
C. exceptionally fast learners.
D. English as a foreign language.
参考答案
第一篇
31.C。细节题。题干：文章中是用什么来描述免疫系统中细胞之间的沟通网络的?文章第一段有相关陈述：“分成了集和子集的形式，这些细胞来来回回地传递信息，正如一群蜜蜂围着蜂巢转一样”，所以C为正确选项。
32.A。细节题。题干：免疫细胞和其他细胞在人体内和平共存的状态被称作___________。由关键词coexistpeaceable定位到第二段，“免疫细胞和其他细胞在人体内和平共存的状态被称作自身耐受性”，故A为正确选项。
33.C。细节题。题干：免疫细胞是如何确定一个抗原是“外来的”或是“非己的”?利用题干关键词antigen和foreign可以定位到最后一段“An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes(抗原表位)”，意为“抗原通过复杂的和典型的形状来辨别那些外来的东西”，所以正确选项为C。
34.B。细节题。题干：下列哪项陈述是正确的?文章第三段讲抗原和过敏源是不同的，因此D错误：抗原很有可能本身就是有害物质，因此选项A错误;C没有提到，因此B(抗原的定义)为正确选项。
35.D。主旨题。题干：下列哪项最好地概括了文章的大意?本文的标题是免疫功能，只有B、D两项提到此功能，而对比得知，本文主要说了免疫系统如何分辨“自身”和“异己”，因此本题选择D。
第二篇
36.C。细节题。题干：下列哪项是Wikipedia最新的变化?利用题干关键词latest change可以定位到第二段前两旬，意为“最新的变化就是Wikipedia试图平衡可靠性和开放性。虽然现在每个人仍然都能编辑维基百科中的词条，但其中的一些页面在得到一个“经验丰富”的编辑批准前不会变化”。由此可知，选项C“一些页面在得到一个‘经验丰富’的编辑批准前不会变化”为正确答案。
37.C。细节题。题干：下列有关Robert Byrd的说法哪项是虚假的?利用Robert Byrd可以定位到第三段第二句，意为“最近的尴尬事件之一就是美国民主党的参议员Robeg Byrd在维基百科中的词条被人篡改，错误地宣布他已经死亡”。由此可知，选项C“他错误地被Wikipedia宣布已经死亡”为正确答案。
38.C。细节题。题干：为什么Wikipedia将“经验丰富的编辑”标准设定得很低?利用题干关键词experienced editor可以定位到第四段第一句，意为“意识到这一风险，维基百科把所谓的‘经验丰富的编辑’标准设定得很低”。“这一风险”还得到第三段第三句中找，意为“出台的限制条件会降低网民合法编辑词条的积极性”，由此可知，选项C“因为严格的标准会打击合法编辑的积极性”为正确答案。
39.C。判断题。题干：下列有关wikipedia的说法哪项是真实的?这类题需要分别定位四个选项。从文中第一段“Wikipedia，the famous online encyclopedia，is looking to impose more discipline with new restrictions on the editing ofarticles.”可知“Wikipedia正在寻求更多的规则来限定文章的编辑”，所以A“这是第一次建立这样的限制”和B“人们仍旧可以自由地在英语的网站上编辑词条”都与原文信息不符合。利用选项C关键词embarrassment可以定位到第三段，可知“当前的规则不够严格以至于造成了很多尴尬”与原文信息相符，因此选C。
40.D。细节题。题干：Pierre Omidyar是。利用关键词Pierre Omidyar可以定位到最后一段“eBay founder Pierre Omidyar”，可知Pierre Omidyar是eBay的创始人，因此D“企业家”为正确答案。
第三篇
41.A。细节题。题干：下列哪项不是E.2签证申请人所需要准备的?利用关键词E.2可以定位到文章第一段，主要讲申请E.2签证需要查询申请人犯罪记录、体格检查、毒品检查、密封的大学成绩单以及大学证书的检查，因此可知A选项“通过韩语测试”不是准备的内容。
42.C。推断题。题干：从第二段可以推断出在签证条例修改之前，外国老师不必___________。文章第二段中讲：“同时，现在居住在韩国的外籍教师必须在一年合同之后离开韩国，并且通过去邻国参观来更新签证，回来的时候不需额外的文件证据。”因此C为正确选项。
43.C。细节题。题干：下列哪项不是2001到今年8月外籍老师所犯的罪行?在文章第三段讲述了外籍教师所犯的罪行，包括伪造文凭、签证违规、普通的违法行为，所以C(破坏性活动)为正确选项。
44.B。细节题。题干：新的签证政策的目的在于___________。此题用排除法，选项A、D在文中并没有提及;选项C(为韩国人民提供更多的就业机会)，是不合逻辑的;签证限制的只能是非韩国人，因此B(提高韩国的外国语教学)为正确选项。而且短文第三段的第一句“The visa changes are a reaction to public concem about the suitability of some foreign teachers”，意为“签证政策的变化是回应公众对于外教是否合格的关注”，由此也可确认正确选项为B。
45.D。细节题。题干：第四段中EFL是___________的缩写。此题为常识题，EFL是“English as a foreign language”的缩写形式，意为“英语作为外语”，因此D为正确选项。
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