2024年职称英语试题《卫生A》阅读理解练习题

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2024年职称英语试题《卫生A》阅读理解练习题

　　职称英语试题《卫生A》阅读理解练习题 1

　　Living Standards

　　The differences in living standards around the world are vast. In 1993, the average American had an income of about $25,000. In the same year, the average Mexican earned $7,000, and the average Nigerian earned $1,500. Not surprisingly, this large variation in average income is reflected in various measures of the quality of life. Changes in living standards over time are also large. In the United States, incomes have historically grown about 2 percent per year (after adjusting for changes in the cost of living). At this rate, average income doubles every 35 years. In some countries, economic growth has been even more rapid. In Japan, for instance, average income has doubled in the past 20 years, and in South Korea it has doubled in the past 10 years.

　　What explains these large differences in living standards among countries and over time? The answer is surprisingly simple. Almost all variation in living standards is attributable to differences in countries productivity-- that is, the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time. In nations where workers can produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time, most people enjoy a high standard of living; in nations where workers are less productive, most people must endure a more meager existence. Similarly, the growth rate of a nations productivity determines the growth rate of its average income.

　　The fundamental relationship between productivity and living standards is simple, but its implications are far-reaching. If productivity is the primary determinant of living standards, other explanations must be of secondary importance. For example, people might think that labor unions or minimum-wage laws contributed to the rise in living standards of American workers over the past century. Yet the real hero of American workers is their rising productivity.

　　The relationship between productivity and .living standards also has great implications for public policy. When thinking about how any policy will affect living standards, the key question is how it will affect our ability to produce goods and services. To improve living standards,policymakers need to raise productivity by ensuring that workers are well educated, have the tools needed to produce goods and services, and have access to the best available technology.

　　1.Which of the following countries has enjoyed the fastest economic growth in history?

　　A. Mexico.

　　B. The United States.

　　C. Japan.

　　D. South Korea.

　　2.The word "meager" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to__________.

　　A. modest

　　B. poor

　　C. meaningless

　　D. plentiful

　　3.What is the most important factor that leads to the rise in living standards of average people?

　　A. Labor unions.

　　B. Minimum-wage laws.

　　C. Rising productivity.

　　D. Favorable public policy.

　　4.The study of the relationship between productivity and living standards is significant in that__________.

　　A. it calls policymakers attention to a qualified work force

　　B. it encourages workers to get better education

　　C. it helps improve the workers ability to produce goods and services

　　D. it enables policymakers to access the latest technology

　　5.The passage mainly discusses__________.

　　A. the differences in average income among countries

　　B. the relationship between productivity and living standards

　　C. the causes of the rise in living standards

　　D. the importance of raising productivity

　　答案解析

　　1.D。细节题。题干：下列哪个国家有最快的经济发展速度?利用题干关键词可以定位到首段末尾：“At this rate，average income doubles every 35 years.In some countries….”文章先提到在美国，人均收入每35年翻一番，接着指出在一些国家，经济增长速度更快，可见经济增长速度与人均收入增长是成正比的，即人均收入增长越快，就说明经济增长速度越快。根据后面的例子，日本人均收入20年翻一番，而韩国则只需10年，由此可推知，韩国的经济增长速度最快。

　　2.B。词汇题。题干：“meager”的意思是 __________ 。方法一：可以通过查词典得知meager的意思是“贫乏的”。方法二：利用语境，该词出现在第二段“In nations where workers can produce…;in nations where workers…”。这里对两类国家进行了对比，首先在那些单位时间内能生产出大量的产品和服务(即生产力水平较高)的国家，大多数人的生活水平都较高;接着与之相对应，在那些生产力水平较低的国家，人们的生活水平肯定较低，因此可推出meager一词肯定跟“穷困”的意思接近，故答案只能为poor。modest意为“谦虚的，适度的”;meaningless意为“毫无意义的”;plentiful意为“许多的，丰富的”。

　　3.C。细节题。题干：普通人生活标准提高的最主要的因素是什么?利用题干关键词可以定位到第三段：“If productivity is the primary determinant of living standards，other explanations must be of secondary importance…”由上面的.论述可知，生产力对人们的生活水平起决定作用，其他因素都是次要的。

　　4.A。细节题。题干：研究生产力和生活水平之间的关系很重要是因为__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到最后一段。本段主要论述研究生产力和生活水平之间的关系对公共政策的制定的重大意义。政策的制定者们必须考虑到生产力的提高也就意味着生活水平的提高。如何提高生产力从而提高人们的生活水平就是他们必须认真思考的。而提高生产力就必须依靠提高工人的受教育水平，拥有先进的生产和服务工具，以及能够接触到高科技。所以推断出研究生产力和生活水平之间的关系的意义在于引起政策制定者关注劳动力素质的提高。因此A选项为正确答案。

　　5.B。主旨题。题干：这篇文章主要论述了什么?从每段的首尾句可以看出整篇文章主要论述了生产力和人们的生活水平之间的关系。A、C选项都很片面，只是文章某一段落的主题;而D选项只提到提高生产力的重要性，没有提到人们的生活水平。

　　职称英语试题《卫生A》阅读理解练习题 2

　　Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers

　　Young female chimps are faster and better learners than young male chimps, suggests a new study, echoing learning differences seen in human girls and boys.

　　While young male chimps pass their time playing. Young female chimps carefully study their mothers. As a result, they learn how to fish for tasty termite snacks over two years before the boys.

　　Elizabeth Lonsdorf, now at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, US, and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul spent four years watching how young chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania learned “cultural behavior”.

　　The sex differences in learning behavior were “consistent and strikingly apparent”, says the team. The researchers point out that similar differences are seen in human children with regard to skills such as writing. “A sex-based learning differences may therefore date back at least to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.” they write in the journal Nature.

　　Chimps make flexible tools from vegetation and then them into termite mounds, extract them and then munch the termites clinging onto the tool. The researchers used video cameras to record this feeding behavior and found that each chimp mother had her own technique, such as how she used tools of different lengths.

　　Analysis of the six infants whose ages were known showed that girl chimps were an average of 31 months old when they succeeded in fishing out their termites, where the boy chimps were aged 58 months on average. Females were also more skillful at getting out more termites with every dip and used techniques similar to their mothers while males did not.

　　Instead of studying their mothers, the boy chimps spent a significantly greater amount of time frolicking around the termite mound. Behaviors such as playing or swinging might help the male infants later in life when typically male activities like hunting or fighting for dominance become important, suggest the researchers.

　　Lonsdorf adds that there just two main sources of animal protein for chimps — the termites or colobus monkeys. “Mature males often hunt monkeys up trees, but females are almost always either pregnant or burdened with a clinging infant. This makes hunting difficult,” she says .“Adult females spend more time fishing for termites than males.” So becoming proficient at termite fishing could mean adult females eat better, “They can watch their offspring at the same time. The young of both sexes seen to pursue activities related to their adult sex roles{10} at a very young age.”

　　练习：

　　1. Why do young female chimps learn faster than young male chimps at fishing for termites? A Because young female chimps don’t play with their brothers. B Because young female chimps begin to study their mothers earlier. C Because young male chimps never learn to fish for termites. D Because young male chimps are not interested in termites.

　　2. What are the tools with which chimps fish for termites? A Tree branches. B Vegetation. C Fruits. D Grass.

　　3. Which of the Following is true about chimps fishing for termites according to paragraph 6? A Males often compete with females in fishing for termites. B Males could get out more termites with every dip. C Females could get out more termites with every dip. D Males are good at mastering technique for fishing for termites.

　　4. How did the researchers explain the fact that boy chimps spent more time on playing? A They like hunting. B They enjoy fighting. C It helps them to stay fit. D It will make them good fighters and hunters in the future.

　　5. According to the last paragrnph, which of the following is NOT true? A Adult chimps hunt monkeys while young chimps fish for termites. B The main source of animal protein for male chimps is colobus monkeys. C The main source of animal protein for female chimps is termites. D Female chimps fish for termites while watching their children.

　　答案与题解：

　　1. B 根据第二段的内容，雄性小猩猩将时间用来玩要，而雌性小猩猩则研究她们母亲的行为，因此，她们比雄性小猩猩早两年学会捕食白蚁。 A、D文中没有提到， C与问题没有关系。

　　2. B第五段的第一个句子告诉我们，猩猩用植物作成方便的工具，用来捕食白蚁。 A、C和 D均是错误的。

　　3. C 该段告诉我们，对六只小猩猩的分析表明，雌性小猩狠不但较早学会捕食白蚁 .而且能比雄性小猩猩更为熟练地捕食到更多的白蚁。所以， B和 D都不是正确选项。 A项内容文中没有提到。

　　4. D A、B和 C都是错误的，因为文中没有捉到雄性小猩猩喜欢猎食和打斗，也没有提及玩耍能使他们更健康。D是正确答案。第七段昀后一句说，他们喜欢玩耍的行为有助于他们长大后的生活，因为，到那时，他们要猎食和争权夺位。

　　5. A 根据昀后一段的.内容，成年雄猩猩主要猎食生活在树上的一种叫做 colobus（疣猴）的猴子，而雌性猩猩捕食白蚁。所以 A是正确选项。 B、C和 D的内容均可在该段中找到。

　　职称英语试题《卫生A》阅读理解练习题 3

　　Bees and Colour

　　On our table in the garden we put a blue card, and all around this blue card we put a number of different grey cards. These trey cards are of all possible shades of grey and include white and black. On each card a watch-glass is placed. The watch-glass on the blue card has some syrup in it; all the others are empty. After a short time bees find the syrup, and they come for it again and again. Then, after some hours, we take away the watch-glass of syrup which was on the blue card and put an empty one in its place.

　　Now what do the bees do? They still go straight to the blue card, although there is no syrup there. They do not go to any of the grey cards, in spite of the fact that one of the grey cards is of exactly the same brightness as the blue card. Thus the bees do not mistake any shade of grey for blue. In this way we have proved that they do really see blue as a colour.

　　We can find out in just the same way what other colours bees can see. It turns out that bees can see various colours, but these insects differ from us as regards their colour-sense in two very interesting ways. Suppose we train bees to come to a red card, and, having done so, we put the red card on the table in the garden among the set of different grey cards. This time we find that the bees mistake red for dark grey or black. They cannot distinguish between them. This means that red is not a colour at all for bees; for them it is just dark grey or black.

　　That is one strange fact; here is another. A rainbow is red on one edge, violet on the other. Outside the violet of the rainbow there is another colour which we cannot see at all. This colour beyond the violet, invisible to us, is called the ultra-violet. Although it is invisible, we know that the ultra-violet is there because it affects a photographic plate. Now, although we are unable to see ultra-violet light, bees can do so; for them ultra-violet is a colour. Thus bees see a colour w

　　ahich we cannot even imagine. This has been found out by training bees to come for syrup to various parts of a spectrum, or artificial rainbow, thrown by a prism on a table in a dark room. In such an experiment the insects can be taught to fly to the ultra-violet, which for us is just darkness.

　　1. The experiment with bees described in the first and second paragraphs tell us that bees regard blue as a colour.

　　A. True

　　B. False

　　C. Not mentioned

　　2. The third paragraph tells us that bees also regard red as a colour.

　　A. True

　　B. False

　　C. Not mentioned

　　3. The experiment described in the second paragraph aimed to find out that bees are not able to see grey as a colour.

　　A. True

　　B. False

　　C. Not mentioned