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2017职称英语《卫生A》补全短文专项试题与答案
补全短文
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Einstein Named "Person of the Century"
Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel (解决) the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday.
A man whose very name is synonymous ( 同义的) with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific though that set the stage for the age of technology. "The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological—technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science," wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein's significance.46
Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon (象征) for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.
"What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom's fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying (象征，体现) the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom,"said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.
Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879.47 He was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams. In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history.48 Everything else--mass, weight, space, even time itself-- is a variable (变量) . And he offered the world his now-famous equation ( 方程式):energy equals mass times the speed of light squared--E=mc2.
49"There was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality." Einstein's famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did. 50 Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.
A. "Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics,"Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time's choices.
B. How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public's view about Albert Einstein.
C. "Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein."
D. Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project" that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.
E. In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become.
F. In his "Special Theory of Relativity," Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.
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Why Would They Falsely Confess?
Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people's minds are susceptible(易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盘问) is enormous.46"The pressure is important to understand, because, otherwise, it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess." Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory to determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do. 47 The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility.
Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess:59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed. 48 Of the 15-to-16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-tol3-year-olds.
"There's no question that young people are more at risk," says Saul Kassin, Professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results. 49 Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation--not hours of aggressive questioning-- and still, most participants falsely confessed. Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation.50
A. In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems.
B. "In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision."
C. "It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental (牙齿的) drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley.
D. "But adults are highly vulnerable too."
E. How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn't do?
F. Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.
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The Mysteries of Nazca
In the desert of Peru, 300 kilometers from Lima, one of the most unusual artworks in the world has mystified (迷惑) people for decades. 46 But from high above, these marks are huge images of birds, fish, seashells, all beautifully carved into the earth.
The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they weren't discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area. In all, there are about 70 different human and animal figures on the plain, along with 900 triangles, circles, and lines.
Researchers have figured out that the lines are at least 1,500 years old, but their purpose is still a mystery.47 However, it would probably be very tricky to land a spaceship in the middle of pictures of dogs and monkeys.
In the 1940s, an American explorer named Paul Kosok suggested that the drawings are a chronicle (记录) of the movement of the stars and planets.48 Later, an astronomer tested his theory with a computer, but he couldn't find any relation between the lines and movements in space.
Another explanation is that the lines may have been made for religious reasons. British researcher Tony Morrison investigated the customs of people in the Andes Mountain and learned that they sometimes pray by the side of the road. It's possible that in the past, the lines of Nazca were created for a similar purpose.49 But the local people have never constructed anything this big.
Recently, two other scientists, David Johnson and Steve Mabee, have speculated that lines could have been related to water. Nazca is one of the driest places in the world and receives only 2cm of rain every year. While Johnson was searching for ancient water sources in the area, he noticed that some waterways built by ancient people were connected with the lines. Johnson believes that the Nazca lines are a giant map of the underground water in the area. 50
A. Scholars differ in interpreting the purpose of the designs.
B. The largest picture may have been the sites for special ceremonies.
C. He called Nazca "the largest astronomy book in the world".
D. A Swiss writer named Erich von Daniken wrote that the Nazca lines were designed as a landing place for UFOs.
E. Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this.
F. Seen from the ground, it looks like lines scratched into the earth.
参考答案与解析
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46.C。本文主要讲爱因斯坦为20世纪人类科学做出的重大贡献。本段是理论物理学家史蒂芬•霍金在《时代》杂志上发表的一篇评价爱因斯坦所做贡献的文章中的几句话。他说世界在过去的l00年发生的变化比以往任何一个世纪都大得多，其原因不在于政治或经济，而在于技术——由于基础科学的进步而直接造就的新技术。两句话并未提及爱因斯坦，因此此处选C最合适：“显然，没有一位科学家能比爱因斯坦更好地代表这些科学进步。”those在此发挥了衔接作用。
47.E。本段简要介绍了爱因斯坦的早年生平。E说：“爱因斯坦在小时候并未显示日后会成为大科学家的任何天赋。”后一句话实际上是对E的详细解释。
48.F。本段主要介绍爱因斯坦提出的相对论。第一句话告诉我们l905年的时候爱因斯坦发表了人类历史上最具奇巧想象力的理论。第三、四句话是具体解释相对论，F说：“在‘特殊相对论’中，爱因斯坦描述了宇宙中为什么唯一恒定的是光速。”由此看来F放在此处最合适，其中constant和variable意思相反，构成词汇衔接。
49.A。本段是伊萨克森在《时代》杂志上的一篇文章中对相对论的深远意义所做的评述。他说：“相对论间接地为道德、艺术和政治领域中新相对主义的出现铺平了道路。”后一句是对此的进一步解释。
50.D。本段主要讲爱因斯坦与原子能和原子武器发展的关系。前一句告诉我们爱因斯坦于1939年在给罗斯福总统的一封信中敦促美国抢在纳粹德国之前研制原子弹，并签了名。D说：“罗斯福对这项建议十分关注，遂制定了秘密制造第一颗原子弹的‘曼哈顿计划’。”后一句说爱因斯坦未参与这项计划，其中the project指的就是the Manhattan Project。
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46.C。这一段谈的是pressure方面的事。请注意在这个空格后面是一段引言，但没有原说话人的名字，这也给我们提示，在填入部分里应该有原说话人的名字，这样可以考虑的有B、C、F三个选项。从内容上进一步考虑，应选C。
47.A。这里填入的部分是对Redlich所做试验的描述，下文又讲到计算机，所以不难确定选A。
48.F。这一段讲的是Redlich试验的结果，一开始就讲了她的finding，填入的部分里有also这个词，正好接上。而后面的一句话则用更具体的数据来支持她的结论：越年轻，越可能做假供。
49.D。Saul Kassin同意Redlich的结果，她认为年轻人风险大(more at risk)，但同时她又认为成年人也十分脆弱(vulnerable)。
50.B。由于在审讯过程中受到压力，许多人认为做假供是一种摆脱厄境的方法，因而也是一种合理的决定。
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46.F。空格后句子讲到从高处看时这些艺术品的外观。通过句首的转折词but可知，空格处应该填入“与地面上”观察的反义词，因此F(从地面上看)是符合上下文语义的选项。
47.D。空格前讲道研究者得知这些线条已有1500年的历史，但其存在的目的还不得而知。空格处应该进一步说明这种情况。因此，D选项(一个瑞士作家写到Nazca lines被设计成一个UF0的着陆场所)正是对目的的一种猜测。空格后的转折词(however)表示对这种猜测的否定。因此D为最佳选项。
48.C。空格前讲的是“一个美国人认为这是星球和行星的运动记录”，符合上下文语义走向的是他把Nazca叫做“世界上最大的太空书籍”。因此C是最佳答案。
49.B。本段大意是“这些线条可能是因为宗教目的而设置的”。B是最符合上下文语义走向的：最大的图片是在特殊仪式上才用的。故B为正确选项。
50.E。最后一段讲某些科学家对Nazca的推测。空格前讲某些科学家的研究，空格处填入其他科学家的做法是比较符合上下文含义的。故E是正确答案。
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