2016年职称英语《理工类A级》概括大意练习题汇总（带答案）

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　　以下是2016年职称英语《理工类A级》概括大意练习题汇总，提供给各位考生，希望帮助到大家。

2016年职称英语《理工类A级》概括大意练习题汇总（带答案）

　　2016年职称英语《理工类A级》概括大意辅导练习(1)

　　Geology and Health

　　The importance of particular metals in the human diet has been realized within the past few decades， and the idea that geology might be related to health has been recognized for a number of elements such as iodine， zinc and selenium. For example， soils with low iodine contents produce crops， and animals deficient in iodine. A lack of iodine in the human diet leads to some serious diseases.

　　The ultimate source of metals within the human body is rocks， which weather into soil， gaining or losing some of their chemical constituents. The crops we eat selectively rem

　　ove from the soil the elements that they require for growth. The water we drink contains trace elements leached from rock and soil. Thus the geology and geochemistry of the environments have effects on the chemistry and health of plants， animals and people.

　　So far there is no data to suggest that people living on metal-rich soils experience a potential health hazard. The levels of metals within naturally contaminated soils are generally not high enough to cause serious health problems. Living on metal-rich soils does not represent a health risk unless large quantities of soil are digested or metal-rich dust is inhaled. However， small children are particularly exposed to metal-rich topsoil in playgrounds and gardens. They are also the most likely ones to eat potentially dangerous metal-rich soil.

　　Heavy metals are persistent; they do not break down to other chemicals in the environment. Industrially polluted sites usually undergo intensive clean-up and rehabilitation because heavy metals are a health concern once they enter the food chain. Some trace metals are alleged to cause cancer and are also known to cause poisoning.

　　In contrast， naturally contaminated soils have not been subject to risk assessment studies and rehabilitation measures， despite the fact that they frequently possess metal concentrations well above those of such polluted by humans and above environmental quality criteria.

　　There is a vital need to understand the potential risks and long-term health effects of living on naturally contaminated soils. Future environmental investigations of naturally polluted soils should concentrate on the potential pathways of metals into the food chain and human body. Geologists should be part of such studies as they can provide the essential background information on rock and soil chemistry as well as the chemical forms of heavy metal pollution.

　　A. No evidence to indicate bad effects of naturally contaminated soil

　　B. Potential hazards of human contaminated soils

　　C. Research on channels of heavy metals getting into human food chain

　　D. Geology and health problems

　　E. Rocks-the ultimate source of soil pollution

　　F. Long- term helth effects on children

　　1. Paragraph 1

　　2. Paragraph 3

　　3. Paragraph 4

　　4. Paragraph 6

　　A. industrially polluted soils

　　B. rock and soil chemistry

　　C. naturally polluted soils

　　D. the pathways of metals into the food chain

　　E. the element of iodine

　　F. the persistence of heavy metals

　　5. Some serious diseases is connected with deficiency of ……

　　6. It is extremely necessary to study the long-term effects caused by living on ……

　　7. Geologists are indispensable in the research project on geology and health due to their knowledge on……

　　8. Industrially contaminated sites usually require a thorough clean-up due to ……

　　Key： DABCECBF

　　2016年职称英语《理工类A级》概括大意辅导练习(2)

　　Volts from the Sky

　　Lightning has caused awe and wonder since old times. Although Benjamin Franklin demonstrated lightning as enormous electrical discharge more than 200 years ago， many puzzles still surround this powerful phenomenon.

　　Lightning is generated when electrical charges separate in rain clouds， though processes are still not fully understood. Typically， positive charges build at the cloud top， while the bottom becomes negatively charged. In most instances of cloud-to-ground lightning， the negatively charged lower portion of the cloud repels negatively charged particles on the ground s surfaces， making it become positively charged. The positive charge on the ground gathers at elevated points.

　　A flow of electrons begins between the cloud and earth. When the voltage charge becomes large enough， it breaks through the insulating barrier of air， and electrons zigzag earthward. We see the discharge as lightning.

　　Lightning can occur within a cloud， between clouds， or between clouds and the ground. The first variety， intra-cloud lightning， is the most frequent but is often hidden from our view. Cloud-to-ground lightning， making up about 20 percent of lightning discharges， is what we usually see. Lightning comes in several forms， including sheet， ribbon， and ball. Intra-cloud lightning can illuminate a cloud so it looks like a white sheet， hence its name. When cloud-to-ground lightning occurs during strong winds， they can shift the lightning channel sideways， so it looks like a ribbon. The average lightning strike is more than 3 miles long and can travel at a tenth of the speed of light. Ball lightning， the rarest and most mysterious form， derives its name from the small luminous ball that appears near the impact point， moves horizontally， and lasts for several seconds.

　　Thunder is generated by the tremendous heat released in a lightning discharge. Temperatures near the discharge can reach as high as 50，000°F within thousandths of a second. This sudden heating acts as an explosion， generating shock waves we hear as thunder.

　　About 2，000 thunderstorms are occurring in the world at any time， generating about 100 lighting strikes every second， or 8 million daily. Within the United States， lightning strikes are estimated at 20 million a year， or about 22，000 per day. You have a 1-in-600，000 chance of bring struck by lightning during your lifetime. Lightning can strike twice or more in the same spot. The Empire State Building in New York is struck by lightning about two dozen times annually.

　　You can measure how far you are from a lightning strike by counting the seconds between viewing the flash and hearing the bang， and then dividing by five. This approximates the mileage.

　　练习：1-4题的要求是，从第一个方框的六个选项A、B、C、D、E、F中选出四个选项为注明的段落各配一个合适的小标题。5-8题的要求是，从第二个方框的六个选项A、B、C、D、E、F中选出四个选项完成每个句子。

　　1. Paragraphs 2 and 3

　　2. Paragraph 4

　　3. Paragraph 5

　　4. Paragraph 6

　　A Cloud-to-ground lightning occurring in the U.S.

　　B Types of lightning

　　C Cause of lightning

　　D Differences between thunder and thunderstorm

　　E Frequencies of thunderstorms occurring in the world and the U.S.

　　F Shock waves as thunder

　　5. In most cases of cloud-to-ground lightning， the ground s surface …

　　6. One form of lightning that … is ball lightning …

　　7. Cloud lightning looks like a ribbon when its lighting channel …

　　8. Although not fully understanding processes of lightning， man …

　　A occurs most infrequently.

　　B is shifted sideways by strong winds.

　　C is often hidden from our view.

　　D is equipped with a good knowledge of various forms of lightning .

　　E is estimated at 20 millions a year.

　　F is positively charged.

　　KEYS： C　B　F　E　 F　A　B　D

　　2016年职称英语《理工类A级》概括大意辅导练习(3)

　　The Open University in Britain

　　1 In 1963 the leader of the Labour Party made a speech explaining plans for a “ university of the air”-an educational system which would make use of television， radio and correspondence courses. Many people laughed at the idea， but it became part of the Labour Party s programme to give educational opportunity to those people who， for one reason or another， had not had a chance to receive further education.

　　2 By 1969 plans were well advanced and by August 1970 the Open University， as it is now called， had received 400，000 applications. Only 25，000 could be accepted for the four “foundation” courses offered： social sciences， arts， science and mathematics. Unsuccessful candidates were told to apply again the following year， when a foundation course in technology would also be offered.

　　3 The first teaching programmes appeared on the air and screen in January 1971， with clerks， farm workers， housewives， teachers， policemen and many others as students. Correspondence units had been carefully prepared and science students were given devices for a small home laboratory. Study centers have been set up all over the country so that students can attend once a week， and once a year they will spend a week at one of the university s summer schools.

　　4 It has been nearly 30 years since the Open University started to offer courses. Now it is a very important part of the British educational system. Not only does it offer foundation courses like those mentioned above， it also carries out very advanced scientific researches， some of which lead to Master s or PH.D Degrees. Many other countries have started similar educational programmes following the successful example of the Open University in Britain.

　　1. Paragraph 2_____________.

　　2. Paragraph 3_____________.

　　3. Paragraph 4_____________.

　　A Progress since its founding

　　B Special facilities of the university

　　C Enrollment in the early days

　　D Teaching staff of the university

　　4. In Britain， besides taking academic courses on TV and on radio， people can also_____________.

　　5. The Labour Party was the first party in Britain that_____________.

　　6. In 1971， the Open University started to_________

　　7. When the Open University first started， there were more applicants_____________.

　　A put forward the idea of founding the Open University

　　B than it could admit

　　C learn through correspondence

　　D offer foundation courses in technology

　　E charge students a low tuition fee

　　Keys： C　B　A　C　A　D　B

　　2016年职称英语《理工类A级》概括大意辅导练习(4)

　　The Open University in Britain

　　1. Paragraph 2_____________.

　　2. Paragraph 3_____________.

　　3. Paragraph 4_____________.

　　A Progress since its founding

　　B Special facilities of the university

　　C Enrollment in the early days

　　D Teaching staff of the university

　　4. In Britain， besides taking academic courses on TV and on radio， people can also_____________.

　　5. The Labour Party was the first party in Britain that_____________.

　　6. In 1971， the Open University started to_________

　　7. When the Open University first started， there were more applicants_____________.

　　A put forward the idea of founding the Open University

　　B than it could admit

　　C learn through correspondence

　　D offer foundation courses in technology

　　E charge students a low tuition fee

　　Keys： C　B　A　C　A　D　B

　　2016年职称英语《理工类A级》概括大意辅导练习(5)

　　Transport and Trade

　　Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce， transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer， the better for trade. When there were no railways， no good roads， no canals， and only small sailing ships， trade was on a small scale.

　　The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand， for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business， drawing supplies from， and selling goods to， all parts of the globe. Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.

　　Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.

　　By moving fuel， raw materials， and even power， as， for example， through electric cables， transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes， the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.

　　Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication， like telephones， cables and radio， send information about prices， supplies， and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way， advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.

　　练习：

　　1. Paragraph 2 _________

　　2. Paragraph 3 _________

　　3. Paragraph 4 _________

　　4. Paragraph 5 _________

　　A. Higher living standard

　　B. Importance of transport in trade

　　C. Various means of transport

　　D. Birth of transport-related industries and trade

　　E. Role of information in trade

　　F. Public transportation

　　5. The development of modern means of transport _________.