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2016年职称英语卫生类A级模拟试题及答案
第1部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1.With immense relief, I stopped running.
A some B enormous C little D extensive
2.The scientists began to accumulate data.
A collect B handle C analyze D investigate
3.Jack eventually overtook the last truck.
A hit B passed C reached D led
4.Sometimes it is advisable to book hotels in advance.
A possible B profitable C easy D wise
5.The reason for their unusual behavior remains a puzzle.
A fact B mystery C statement D game
6.That guy is really witty.
A smart B ugly C honorable D popular
7.The world champion suffered a sensational defeat.
A reasonable B dramatic C humiliating D horrifying
8.It seems that only Mary is eligible for the job.
A prepared B trained C qualified D guided
9.This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a town in the South.
A praises B writes C imitates D describes
10.The meaning is still obscure.
A vague B transparent C alien D significant
11.Dumped waste might contaminate water supplies.
A destroy B decrease C delay D pollute
12.One theory postulates that the ancient Filipinos came from India and Persia.
A assumes B expects C predicts D considers
13.It is very difficult for a child to adhere to rules.
A remember B follow C understand D learn
14.I hope that I didn’t do anything absurd last night.
A awkward B strange C stupid D awful
15.There should be laws that prohibit smoking around children.
A forbid B advocate C inherit D withdraw
参考答案：1 B 2 A 3 B 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 B 8 C 9 D 10 A 11 D 12 A 13 B 14 C 15 A
第2部分：阅读判断(第16~22题，每题1分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Sleep Problems Plague the Older Set
Older Americans often have difficulty getting a good night’s rest. It’s a huge quality-of-life problem, experts say, because contrary to popular belief，seniors require about the same amount of sleep as younger adults.“Sleep problems and sleep disorders are not an inherent (固有的)part of aging，” saidDr. Harrison G. Bloom, an associate clinical professor of geriatrics (老年病学)and medicine at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. “ It’s pretty much of a myth that older people need less sleep than younger people.，’
Yet, in a study published recently in The American Journal of Medicine, researchers found that more than half of older Americans have problems getting the sleep they need.
Older people tend to have “ sleep fragmentation，” meaning they wake up more often during the night, said study author Dr. Julie Gammack, an assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Geriatric Medicine at St. Louis University.
They also seem to get less “REM” sleep, the type of sleep during which rapid eye movement occurs, Bloom added.
It's unclear what role these naturally occurring changes in sleep patterns have on a person's quality of life, Bloom said. “What is important, though, is that older people often have actual sleep disorders and problems with sleep，” he said.
And, experts say, there is usually more than one cause.“Sleep trouble in older adults is typically associated with acute and chronic illnesses, including specific sleep disorders like sleep apnea (呼吸暂停)and restless leg syndrome that appear with greater frequency in older populations,” said Michael V. Vitiello, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and associate director of the University of Washington's Northwest Geriatric Education Center.Taking multiple medications, as many older people do, can also lead to fatigue and “hypersomnia，” or being tired all the time, Bloom added.
Another big problem, he noted, is depression and anxiety. “Those are very commonly associated with sleep problems. ”Despite the prevalence (流行)of sleep difficulties in older adults, many patients aren’tgetting the help they need. As a result, problems like insomnia (失眠)，restless leg syndrome and sleep apnea are underdiagnosed and undertreated, Bloom said.
16 Sleep problems can seriously affect one，s quality of life.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
17 It is true that older people need less sleep than younger people.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
18 Younger people in America seldom complain of sleep disorders.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
19 The number of older Americans with sleep problems is not small.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
20 “Sleep fragmentation” refers to a marked lack of “REM” sleep.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
21 The causes of sleep problems in older people remain unidentified.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
22 Actions will soon be taken in America to better help people with sleep problems.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案及解析：
16 A短文的第一段第二句说，睡眠问题是一个重大的生活质量问题。显然，睡不好觉，会严重影响一个人的生活质量。
17 B短文的第一段第二句又说，老年人所需要的睡眠时间与年轻成年者没有什么区别。
18 C短文通篇谈的是老年人的睡眠问题，没有提及年轻人是否抱怨有睡眠障碍。
19 A短文的第三段说，研究者发现有超过半数的美国老年人有睡眠问题。
20 B短文的第四段对sleep fragmentation进行了解释，它与REM sleep无关，指的是夜间经常醒来。
21 B短文&第八段对老年人睡眠问题的起因进行了分析，主要与各种急、慢性病相关。
22 C短文没有提及美国是否很快会采取行动帮助老年人解决睡眠问题。
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23~30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段，每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Depression and the Elderly
1 We all feel sad at times. However, clinical depression is a serious matter. Clinical depression, sometimes called major depression, is a biologically based brain disorder that affects one's thoughts, feelings, behavior, and physical health. When people complain that they feel terrible, they have no interest or take no pleasure in things, have trouble sleeping,lack energy, have poor appetite, or cannot concentrate, depression is a definite possibility.
2 Depression in its many forms affects more than 6. 5 million of the 35 million Americans who are 65 years or older. Most older people with depression have been suffering from episodes (发作)of the illness during much of their lives. For others, depression has a first onset (起病)in late life _ even for those in their 80s and 90s. Depression in older persons is closely associated with dependency and disability and causes great suffering for the individual and the family.
3 Many older people and their families don't recognize the symptoms of depression, aren’t aware that it is a medical illness, and don't know how it is treated. Others may mistake the symptoms of depression as signs of dementia (痴呆)■ Also, many older people think that depression is a character flaw (缺陷)and are worried about being stigmatized (给 带来耻辱)，so they blame themselves for their illness and are too ashamed (羞耻的)to get help. Others worry that treatment would be too costly.
4 Older persons with depression rarely seek treatment for the illness. Unrecognized and untreated depression has fatal consequences in terms of both suicide and non-suicide mortality (死亡率)■ The highest rate of suicide in the US is among older white men.
Depression is the single most significant risk factor for suicide in that population. Tragically,many of those people who go on to commit suicide have reached out for help — 20% see a doctor the day they die, 40% the week they die，and 70% in the month they die. Yet depression is frequently missed.
23.Paragraph 1
24.Paragraph 2
25.Paragraph 3
26.Paragraph 4
A How common is depression in later life?
B What is depression?
C What relieves depression in older people?
D Why does depression in older people often go untreated?
E Can depression in older people be treated?
F What are the consequences of untreated depression in older people?
27.Clinical depression is different from .
28.Depression in older people is strongly linked with .
29.Depression is regarded by many older people as .
30.Many older people commit suicide as a result of . A a character flaw
B normal sadness and grief
C a definite possibility
D dependency and disability
E a significant risk factor
F unrecognized and untreated depression
答案及解析：
B短文的第一段主要是对depression—词从临床的角度进行了定义，称其为一种生理学上的大脑疾病，会影响人的思想、感情、行为以及身体健康。
A短文的第二段主要讲老年人患各种形式的depression的比例。
D短文的第三段主要讲的是：人们或出于无知，或出于羞耻感，或出于经济原因等而对depression不予以治疗。
F短文的第四段主要讲的是：depression若不能得到及时的治疗，会造成自杀或者是非自杀性死亡的后果。
B第一段的头两句讲到，expression不同于一般的悲痛。
D第二段的最后一句说到，老年人是否患depression，其实与他们的依赖性和残疾有很大关系。
A第三段的第三句讲到，许多老年人将depression视为性格缺陷。
F第四段的第二句说到，不少老年人由于不知道自己得了 depression这种病或者是由于患了这种病却没有得到治疗而自杀。
第4部分：阅读理解(第SI～45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 IQ-gene
In the angry debate over how much of IQ comes from the genes that children inherit from parents and how much comes from experiences, one little fact gets overlooked ： no one has identified any genes (other than those that cause retardation) that affect intelligence.
So researchers led by Robert Plomin of London’s Institute of Psychiatry decided to look for some. They figured that if you want to find a “smart gene，，’ you should look in smart kids.They therefore examined the DNA of students like those who are so bright that they take college entrance exams four years early _ and still score at Princeton-caliber levels. Thescientists found what they sought. “We have，，，says Plomin, “the first specific gene ever associated with general intelligence. ”
Plomin's colleagues drew blood from two groups of 51 children each, all 6 to 15 years old and living in six counties around Cleveland. In one group, the average IQ is 103. All the children are white. Isolating the blood cells，the researchers then examined each child’schromosome 6. Of the 37 landmarks on chromosome 6 that the researchers looked for, one jumped out： a form of gene called IGF2R occurred in twice as many children in the high-IQ group as in the average group _ 32 percent versus 16 percent. The study, in the May issue of the journal Psychological Science，concludes that it is this form of the IGF2R gene that contributes to intelligence.
Some geneticists see major problems with the IQ-gene study. One is the possibility that Plomin’s group fell for “chopsticks fallacy”. Geneticists might think they've found a gene for chopsticks flexibility, but all they’ve really found is a gene more common in Asians than, say, Africans. Similarly, Plomin's IQ gene might simply be one that is more common ingroups that emphasize academic achievement. “What is the gene that they’ve found reflects ethnicity?” asks geneticist Andrew Feinberg of Johns Hopkins University. “That alone might explain the link to intelligence, since IQ tests are known for being culturally sensitive and affected by a child’s environment. ” And Neil Risch of Standford University points out that if you look for 37 genes on a chromosome, as the researchers did, and find that one is more common in smarter kids, that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence. Warns Feinberg： “I would take these findings with a whole box of salt. ”
31.In the beginning of paragraph one we are told that scientists can not agree
A how much of IQ comes from intelligence.
B how many children inherit genes from parents.
C how much of IQ comes from genes.
D how many children learn by experience.
32.What does “some” in the second sentence of paragraph one stands for?
A Parents. B Children.
C Experiences. D Genes.
33.A gene for chopsticks flexibility is found to be
A unrelated to the ability to use chopsticks.
B related to the ability to use chopsticks.
C unrelated to the ability to use forks.
D related to the ability to use forks.
34.Plomin's IQ-gene study is similar to the chopsticks gene finding in that
A there may not be a causal link between gene and intelligence.
B there is a close correlation between gene and intelligence.
C there may be a close relation between chopsticks flexibility and children’s academicscore.
D there is not a close relation between chopsticks flexibility and children's academicscore.
35.What does Feinberg mean by saying “ I would take these findings with a whole box of salt"?
A He would consider them while eating his meals.
B He definitely believes the findings.
C He would consider them while shopping for salt.
D He doubts the findings very much.
第二篇 Mental Retardation (智力迟纯)
Mental retardation is a condition in which people have lower than normal intelligence and are unable to function at the level expected for their age. People with mental retardation are usually born with it, or it develops early in their life. They may also have some difficulty withdaily living skills such as learning to read and write and caring for themselves.
Doctors and other professionals determine that a person has mental retardation based on their intelligence and how well they can do everyday activities. Intelligence is the ability to learn and understand. Levels of intelligence are measured by special tests called intelligence tests. The score a person gets on one of these tests gives a numerical (数字的)measure of a person’s intelligence. This is called an intelligence quotient (智商)or IQ.
An average score on an IQ test is about 90 to 110. A person with mental retardation will usually score below 75 on an IQ test.
The IQ test alone does not determine whether someone is mentally retarded. A person must also have trouble with everyday activities such as getting dressed, eating, washing, or learning basic reading，writing, and arithmetic skills.Mental retardation is not a disease itself. It cannot be cured and it’s not contagious (传染的)■ This condition can be caused by several things that injure the brain or don’t allow the brain to develop normally. Many times we don’t know why a person has mental retardation.
Sometimes it may be caused by genes. Genes are chemical units found in every cell.They carry the instructions telling cells what to do. Sometimes, children receive abnormalgenes from their parents.
A defective gene may also develop spontaneously. Neither parent would have passedon the gene, but the gene changes before the baby develops.
Some other problems that can cause mental retardation also happen before a child is born. It is important for the brain to develop properly if a child is to have normal intelligence.“Planning a pregnancy is the most important decision most of us will make in our lifetime. Ahealthy lifestyle and good medical care should begin before a woman becomes pregnant and continue throughout the pregnancy,” says Jodi Rucquoi, a genetic counselor from
Connecticut. If a woman abuses alcohol or drugs or doesn’t eat well, there is a risk to the developing baby. Also, a premature birth or problems during childbirth can sometimes harm the baby’s developing brain. While premature babies are generally fine, there is a greater chance that they may have mental retardation.
In some cases，a young child can develop mental retardation after being sick with a serious infection or other illness, or after suffering a bad head injury.
36.A child can be taken as mentally retarded if he or she
A was born prematurely.
B has lower than normal intelligence.
C has low intelligence and low daily living skills.
D has normal intelligence but difficulties in learning.
37.A person of high intelligence will probably score
A above 110 on an IQ test. B 110 on an IQ test.
C 90 on an IQ test. D below 75 on an IQ test.
38.Which of the following is NOT true of mental retardation?
A It is not curable.
B Its victims are usually born with it.
C Its causes are not fully identified yet.
D It can spread among family members.
39.Which is NOT a possible cause of mental retardation?
A Alcohol or drug abuse.
B Abnormal genes from the parents.
C A weH-planned pregnancy.
D Problems during childbirth.
40.The word “While” in Line 4 from the bottom can best be replaced by
A Unless. B Because.
C Since. D Although.
第三篇 Many Older Doctors Plan to Phase out Their Practice
The results of a new survey indicate that 48 percent of physicians between 50 and 65 years of age are planning to reduce or end their clinical practice in the next 1 to 3 years.
The findings also suggest that many older physicians believe that their younger counterparts do not have the work ethic they do.The survey, which was conducted by Merritt Hawkins & Associates, a Texas-based physician search and consulting firm, suggests that many older physicians are simply unhappy with the changes that have taken place in medicine over the years.“When Baby Boom doctors entered medicine they had control over how they practicedand the fee they charged. But the rules changed on them in mid-stream and now many are looking for a ticket out，” Mark Smith, executive vice president of Merritt Hawkins &Associates, said in a statement.“Our study is the only one I am aware of that examines the career plans of physicians in the 50-to-65 age group. ” This age group represents more than one-third of all physicians in the U. S. If they stop working in the coming years, it will have a “significant impact” on the overall supply of physicians, Smith told Reuters Health.
The results of the survey, which included 1,170 respondents (调查对象)，show that 24 percent of older physicians are planning to leave clinical practice all together in the next 1 to 3 years. Specifically, 14 percent said they were planning on retiring, 7 percent said they were looking for a medical job in a non-patient care setting, and 3 percent said they were seeking a job in a non-medical field.For those physicians not leaving clinical practice, many said they would make changes to reduce the number of patients they treat. For instance, 12 percent said they would begin working part-time, 8 percent said they planned to stop taking new patients or markedly reduce their patient load, and 4 percent expressed a desire to work on a temporary basis.When asked about the work ethic of physicians entering practice today, 68 percent ofthe respondents said that these younger doctors are not as dedicated or as hard working as physicians who entered practice 20 to 30 years ago. Fifty-seven percent of older physicians said they would not recommend medicine as a career to their own children. Similarly, 44 percent said they would not select medicine as a career if they were starling out today.“The most ominous (不祥的)finding is that about one half of physicians surveyed planto either abandon patient care in the next 1 to 3 years, or significantly reduce the number ofpatients they see，” Smith said. “The U. S. already is facing a widespread shortage of physicians. Should older, ‘workhorse’ physicians choose to opt out of patient care, access to medical services will be further restricted. ”
31 Which is NOT true of physicians in the 50-to-65 age group in the U.S.?
A They are mostly baby boomers.
B They have nothing to complain about.
C Many of them plan to gradually stop their practice.
D They account for over one-third of all physicians in the country.
32 The survey was focused on
A the living conditions of older physicians in the U. S.
B the career plans of older physicians in the U. S.
C the retirement plans of older physicians in the U. S.
D the achievements of older physicians in the U. S.
33 Many older physicians in the U. S. view the work ethic of their younger counterparts
A with appreciation. B with disapproval.
C with jealousy. D with indifference.
34 In the eyes of many older physicians, medicine
A comes first in their choice of a career for their children.
B remains their lifelong pursuit.
C is not as good a career as it used to be.
D is more demanding than it used to be.
35 If many older physicians stop working in the coming years, Americans will have
A even less access to medical services.
B even better patient care.
C a shortage of younger physicians.
D more job opportunities.
第4部分：阅读理解
31.C理解第一段的第一句话是关键，debate over后面跟了两个并列的how much从句，第一个how much中谈到孩子从父母处继承的基因。只有C项符合题意。
32.D 根据前一句提供的语境 no one has identified any genes that affect intelligence 0 some 在这里只能指genes。
33.A第三段一开头就告诉我们关于使用筷子能力的发现是一个误区(fallacy),接下来说Geneticists might think they've found a gene for chopsticks flexibility, but all they’ve really found is a gene more common in Asians than, say, Africans.所以选 A，而 C 项和 D 项文中均未提及。
34.A此题的依据在最后一段，特另!]是Similarly. •. 一句和Neil Risch的结论...that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence. C 和 D 纯属文中未提及的、与主题无关的内容。
35.D with a whole box of salt意为“很怀疑”，源自固定短语with a grain of salt (抱怀疑态度)。以a whole box (一整盒)替换a grain (一粒)，加强了怀疑的程度。
36 C短文的第一段交代说，患有mental retardation者智商低于正常水准，并且日常生活技能面临困难。
37 A短文的第三段说到，智力测试的平均分为90-110分，由此可以推断，高智商者的得分应在110分之上。
38 D短文的第五段提到，mental retardation本身并不是一种病，也不具有传染性。
39 C其他的三个因素在短文的第六段和第八段都分别被提到。
40 D显然，该句的意思是：虽然通常早产儿没什么问题，但是他们患智力迟钝的可能性还是要大一些。
31 B短文的第一、二段说，这一年龄段的美国医生看不上年轻医生的职业道德，对这些年来医学界发生的变化也不满意。
32 B短文的第四段说，该研究侧重的是五六十岁美国医生下一步的职业生涯打算。
33 B短文的倒数第三段说，多数受调査的年长医生认为，他们年轻的同行不像他们早年那样敬业和勤奋。
34 C短文的倒数第二段说，不少年长医生声称不会将医生这一职业推荐给其子女，如果今天他们自己重新选择职业的话，也不会选择医生这个行当。
35 A短文的最后一段中的最后一句说，如果这些年长些的、拼命干活的医生们选择退出医学界的话，美国人会面临更加短缺的医疗服务。
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