英语阅读理解常考题型解题方法

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英语阅读理解常考题型解题方法

　　英语是从小学阶段到大学，甚至是工作之后都需要学习的科目，想要走得更远，学习英语是必须的。今天，小编特意为大家推荐英语阅读理解常考题型解题方法，希望大家喜欢！

英语阅读理解常考题型解题方法

　　首先，让我们看一下阅读理解能力测试的基本要求：

　　1. 理解主旨和要义；

　　2. 理解文中具体信息；

　　3. 根据上下文推断生词的词义；

　　4. 作出简单判断和推理；

　　5. 理解文章的基本结构；

　　6. 理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

　　根据这六项要求，我们可将阅读理解题归纳为以下几种题型：细节理解题、词句理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、文章结构题等。下面作者结合平时教学中的经验体会，谈一谈做英语阅读理解题的技巧与策略。

　　1、主旨大意题

　　主旨大意题是对文章主题的一种考查方式。它包括段落大意题、全文大意题及标题归纳题。

　　2、段落大意题

　　段落大意题主要测试考生对某段文字的整体理解程度以及在速读中准确把握段落大意的能力，一般针对某一语段的主旨或目的设题。做这类题，关键在于抓住该段文字的主旨。

　　首先，从段首找大意。有些段落的首句便是该段的主题句，抓住了主题句便抓住了该段的大意。

　　其次，从段尾找大意。有些段落在列举事实和举出事例之后，在段尾进行总结，得出结论。这样，段尾句就成了该段的主题句。

　　再次，从段中找大意。有些段落的主题句位于段落的中间位置。这种段落常常以一句或几句话引出话题，接着提出主题句，然后再举例或论证。

　　最后，归纳总结段落大意。有些段落并没有明显的主题句，或者说根本就没有主题句。遇到这种情况，我们需要根据段落内容概括出本段的大意。

　　总之，在做段落大意题时，要站在整个段落的高度，概括出大意，切忌以偏概全、以点代面。

　　3、全文大意题

　　文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。做这类题时常用略读法。具体技巧有：

　　1. 读首尾段抓主旨。文章的主旨多出现在首尾段中。根据具体情况，学生可细读首尾段或将两段结合起来考虑。（注意：主题段也可能出现在文章中间。）

　　2. 归纳各段落主旨。如果作者没有直接点明主题，读者则需要综合全篇各段的段落大意，从而归纳出全文的大意。

　　4、标题归纳题

　　标题归纳题主要考查学生对文章主题思想的把握和抽象概括语言的能力。做好标题归纳题，要注意以下几点：

　　1. 了解标题形式上的特点。英语文章标题的形式多种多样，可以是一两个单词、一个短语、一个名词性从句、一个简单句，还可以是一个祈使句。从字面上看，常常是短小精悍, 言简意赅。

　　2. 了解标题内容上的特点。标题必须做到能够概括文章的主旨，揭示文章的主要内容，切忌以偏概全、以点代面，也不能过于宽泛。

　　3. 了解标题吸引力的特点。人们常以标题来判断文章是否具有可读性，因此文章是否能够吸引读者在一定程度上取决于标题是否具有吸引力。

　　4. 了解归纳标题的方法。标题归纳题关键是要找主题句，主题句可能出现在首段、末段或者中间段，而对于没有主题句的文章，我们需要从整篇文章的高度进行概括。

　　[例1]（节选自2011年安徽卷D篇）

　　Ireland has had a very difficult history. The problems started in the 16th century when English rulers tried to conquer (征服) Ireland. For hundreds of years, the Irish people fought against the English. Finally, in 1921, the British government was forced to give independence to the south of Ireland. The result is that today there are two “Irelands”. Northern Ireland, in the north, is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland, in the south, is an independent country.

　　In the 1840s the main crop, potatoes, was affected by disease and about 750,000 people died of hunger. This, and a shortage (短缺) of work, forced many people to leave Ireland and live in the USA, the UK, Australia and Canada. As a result of these problems, the population fell from 8.2 million in 1841 to 6.6 million in 1851.

　　For many years, the majority of Irish people earned their living as farmers. Today, many people still work on the land but more and more people are moving to the cities to work in factories and offices. Life in the cities is very different from life in the countryside, where things move at a quieter and slower pace.

　　The Irish are famous for being warm-hearted and friendly. Oscar Wilde, a famous Irish writer, once said that the Irish were “the greatest talkers since the Greeks”. Since independence, Ireland has revived (复兴) its own culture of music, language, literature and singing. Different areas have different styles of old Irish songs which are sung without instruments. Other kinds of Irish music use many different instruments such as the violin, whistle, etc.

　　备注：

　　independence独立；

　　affect影响

　　majority大多数；

　　instrument乐器

　　68. What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?

　　A. How the Irish fought against the English.

　　B. How Ireland gained independence.

　　C. How English rulers tried to conquer Ireland.

　　D. How two “Irelands” came into being.

　　70. The last paragraph is mainly about _____.

　　A. the Irish character

　　B. Irish culture

　　C. Irish musical instruments

　　D. a famous Irish writer

　　71. What can be the best title for the text?

　　A. Life in Ireland

　　B. A Very Difficult History

　　C. Ireland, Past and Present

　　D. The Independence of Ireland

　　[解析]

　　68. 根据文章第一段倒数第三句The result is that today there are two “Irelands”可知，作者想告诉我们爱尔兰分裂成为南北两个“爱尔兰”的历史原因，故选D项。

　　70. 文章最后一段主要向我们介绍了爱尔兰人的音乐文化、语言、文学和演唱的复兴，接着叙述了不同的音乐风格、乐器等，因此可以判断B项正确，其他选项只是其中的一个方面。

　　71. 根据文中提到的时间及For many years和Since independence等信息可知，本文主要介绍了爱尔兰的发展史。Life in Ireland爱尔兰的生活；A Very Difficult History一段非常艰难的历史；Ireland, Past and Present爱尔兰的过去与现在；The Independence of Ireland爱尔兰的独立。只有C项能体现文章的主旨大意。

　　5、细节理解题

　　细节理解题主要考查学生查找信息的能力和对句子的理解能力, 要求学生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解判断。

　　直接信息

　　解答此类试题时，不必通篇细读全文，而采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，对照比较，确定答案。

　　此类题的正确选项往往是原文意义的不同表达方式，一般有以下特征：1. 对原文句子中的关键词进行替换；2. 词性或者语态的变化；3. 语言简化。

　　干扰项也是以文中的某个细节设置，常有以下几种情况：1. 选项本身正确，但不符合题干要求；2. 选项本身错误；3. 选项中含有原文信息，但其中个别词描述得不准确，这种选项的干扰性最强，考生在答题时要十分注意。

　　间接信息

　　间接型细节理解题考查的是考生获取和理解隐藏在文字下的复杂信息的能力。

　　间接型细节理解题通常有两种命题方式。一是题干针对原文某一信息进行转述，即题干的中心信息词不是原文文字，而是原文某一信息的全新表达。解答这一类题目的关键是准确理解题干的意思，然后在文中找出与题干中心意思相一致的信息。二是以原文信息背后隐含的内容作为命题点，要求考生立足原文信息，准确理解未表达的间接信息。解答这一类题目时，需要依据若干具体的信息进行比较、归纳和概括，有时还要作合乎逻辑的推理。

　　[例2]（节选自2011年大纲全国卷II D篇）

　　The way we do things round here

　　Some years ago, I was hired by an American bank. I received a letter from the head of the Personnel Department that started, “Dear John, I am quite pleased that you have decided to join us.” That “quite” saddened me. I thought he was saying “we’re kind of pleased you decided to join us although I wish we had hired someone else.” Then I discovered that in American English “quite” sometimes means “very”, while in British English it means “fairly”.

　　So the first lesson about working in other countries is to learn the language and by that I don’t just mean the words people speak. It is body language, dress, manners, ideas and so on. The way people do things highlights many of the differences we see between cultures (文化).

　　Some of these differences may be only on the surface — dress, food and hours of work — while others may be deeper and take longer to deal with. Mostly, it is just a question of getting used to the differences and accepting them, like the climate (气候), while getting on with business.

　　Some of the differences may be an improvement. People are more polite; the service is better; you ask for something to be done and it happens without having to ask again. However, other differences can be troubling, like punctuality (准时). If you invite people to a party at 7 o’clock your guests will consider it polite to turn up exactly on time in Germany, five minutes early in the American Midwest, an hour early in Japan, 15 minutes afterwards in the UK, up to an hour afterwards in Italy and some time in the evening in Greece. I prefer not to use the word “late” because there is nothing wrong with the times people arrive. It is simply the accepted thing to do in their own country.

　　54. According to the author, what should we do with most cultural differences?

　　A. Ask the native people for help.

　　B. Understand and accept them.

　　C. Do things in our own way.

　　D. Do in-depth research.

　　55. When invited to a party the people who are usually punctual are _____.

　　A. Italians B. Germans

　　C. Greeks D. the British

　　[解析]

　　54. 由第三段最后一句可知，我们要习惯文化差异并接受存在的文化差异，故选B项。

　　55. 由最后一段If you invite people ... on time inGermany... 可知B项正确。

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